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Campaign to Create World’s Largest Sanctuary in Antarctic Ocean Gains Momentum

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

Greenpeace’s ship Arctic Sunrise is on its way to Antarctica, where the crew on board will be the first humans ever to visit the seafloor in the Weddell Sea.

The three-month expedition will aim to further the case for a massive ocean sanctuary.

In an effort to combat the threats of overfishing, plastic pollution and climate change in Antarctica, the European Union and Greenpeace have been pursuing since October an ambitious global campaign to create the largest protected area on Earth—a 1.8 million square kilometer (approximately 694,000 square mile) sanctuary in the Weddell Sea and around the Antarctic Peninsula.

The sanctuary proposal, which would stop industrial-scale krill fishing in an area about five times the size of Germany, would create “an urgently-needed safe zone” for creatures like penguins, whales and seals that call the area home, Greenpeace New Zealand campaigner, Amanda Larsson, said.

“It would mean the waters would be off-limits to the massive industrial fishing fleets that want to suck up the tiny shrimp-like krill on which Antarctic life relies,” Larsson further explained.

The proposal was initiated by the EU and already has the support of several countries. Additionally, a quarter of a million people across the globe have signed up in support of the idea, according to the Guardian.

The plan will be presented at a conference of the Antarctic nations in October in Australia, where 24 national governments and the EU will decide its fate.

“In just over nine months’ time the Antarctic Ocean Commission meets to discuss whether or not to make history and create the world’s largest protected area,” said Will McCallum, an oceans campaigner with Greenpeace UK. “We have until then to convince the members of this Commission to put aside their differences and create a safe haven for emperor penguins, blue whales, colossal squid and all the other Antarctic animals.”

Larsson said the ship’s crew will undertake pioneering scientific research in submarines, document the area’s unique wildlife which is facing pressures from climate change, overfishing and pollution, and gather evidence of the urgent need for governments to create the sanctuary.

Julian Gutt from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research in Germany, which introduced the original proposal, told the Guardian that the sanctuary would be an important move in creating a sustainable global ocean system.

“This will bring huge benefits in protecting this amazing ecosystem, in preserving the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of the ocean and in the wider fight against climate change,” Gutt said.

Source: ecowatch.com

McKinsey: Renewables and EV Boom will Struggle to Move World Onto 2C Pathway

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

Renewables are set to dominate the global energy market and demand for electric vehicles will soar over the next decade, but neither industry will make fast enough progress to ensure the world meets targets to limit temperature increases to well below 2C this century.

That is the stark warning from management consultancy giant McKinsey, which will today release the Reference Case for its Global Energy Perspective report.

The company’s McKinsey Energy Insights (MEI) division is predicting renewables will account for “almost all the growth in global power generation through to 2050”.

Echoing projections earlier this week from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), today’s report predicts that in the next 5-10 years it will become more economic to build renewable capacity than operate existing gas- or coal-fired power plants in most markets.

It argues that as a result utilisation rates for existing coal and gas fired power stations will fall over the coming decades.

“Overall, the additional global net capacity of power generation to 2050 will be 80 per cent renewables, with China and India contributing more than 50 per cent,” the company said.

Similarly, the falling cost and improved performance of batteries is expected to result in soaring sales of EVs over the next decade.

The report predicts EVs’ share of the global auto market will rise from just three per cent in 2020 to 20 per cent by 2030. Electric trucks are similarly expected to see their market share increase from one per cent to 12 per cent over the same period.

The predictions follow the release yesterday of new data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, which revealed global clean energy investment ticked up three per cent last year to $333.5m even as the cost of renewables technologies continued to fall.

However, the McKinsey report warns technological revolutions in the energy and auto market will be offset by continued increases in demand for energy globally, which will mean energy-related emissions will not plateau until 2030.

Global greenhouse gas emissions have remained flat in recent years, but researchers warned late last year that they are likely to have risen in 2017.

McKinsey’s projections join a raft of official projections that suggest current policies and technology trends are still a long way from delivering the steep emissions reductions that scientists regard as essential to having any chance of meeting the 2C temperature goal set out in the Paris Agreement.

Ole Rolser, associate partner and solution leader at MEI, warned the march of clean technologies into the mainstream was unlikely to deliver steep cuts in global emissions over the coming decades.

“Despite the significant momentum around EVs and renewable energy sources taking an increasing share of the power market, energy-related emissions remain flat from 2030 to 2050,” he warned in a statement. “As developing countries continue to rely heavily on cheap coal, non-OECD energy demand will replace the efficiency gains made by OECD countries.

“To realise the 2 degrees pathway scenario, we’d have to see much broader, much more disruptive change than what we’re seeing now.”

Source: businessgreen.com

US CO2 Emissions Declined During Trump’s First Year as President

Photo-illustration: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

What were United States carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions like in 2017, the first year President Donald Trump was in office? Based on preliminary estimates, the Rhodium Group said US emissions declined by just below one percent, thanks to changes in the energy sector. Electrek crunched the numbers and found 94.7 percent of net new electricity capacity came from renewables. But emissions from buildings, industry, and transportation increased – and America has a ways to go to meet Paris Agreement goals.

Nearly 80 percent of reduction in American energy-related CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2016 are thanks to the electric power sector, according to the Rhodium Group. They said in an article, “Improved efficiency of buildings and appliances has helped flatten electricity demand, and coal has lost market share to lower-carbon natural gas and zero-carbon renewables. That trend continued in 2017.”

The group said coal lost ground to other power sources. Solar, wind, and hydropower generation growth displaced coal and natural gas. Between January and October generation from the two more-polluting fuels fell by 138 million kilowatt-hours (kWh) compared against the same period the year before – and renewable generation increased by 75 million kWh. But energy-related CO2 emissions increased in other sectors – “offsetting more than one-quarter of the gains made in electric power,” according to the Rhodium Group.

Even though Trump yanked America out of the Paris Accord, many states and cities said they’d stay in and work towards the United States’ goals. The Rhodium Group said, “Recent climate and clean energy policy developments at the state and city-level policy developments could potentially accelerate last year’s pace of emission reductions, while recent federal regulatory changes could slow that progress.”

They said America seems to be on track to reach the 2009 Copenhagen Accord goal of 17 percent reduction under 2005 levels by 2020, as long as the country keeps up the one percent energy-related CO2 emissions decline and there are no big changes in other emissions. The Paris Agreement pledge was 26 to 28 percent reduction from 2005 levels by 2025. America is not on track to achieve that – the country would need an average annual reduction of 1.7 to two percent in energy-related CO2 emissions over the upcoming eight years.

Source: inhabitat.com

Ivan Smiljkovic: A Bank with a Clear Development Orientation always Stands with Business People

The professional Jury of Novi Sad fair declared this year ProCredit Bank as the best bank in agribusiness standing commitment of this financial institution to support domestic agricultural producers who persistently and patiently develop their business. With Ivan Smiljković, a member of the Executive Board at ProCredit Bank, we discussed a trend of growing interest in credit lines among Serbian farmers and owners of small and medium-sized enterprises from numerous industrial sectors, as well as the interest of companies that produce or import equipment, seeds, intermediate goods and commercial vehicles in partner relationship with the bank in order to improve domestic economic development.

EP: The data from your portfolio indicate that you have provided the largest financial support to farmers in the domestic banking market so far. How did you develop this business sector?

Ivan Smiljkovic: We have been actively supporting Serbian farmers for seventeen years, but this is not our only focus. Serbian agriculture is seen as an integral branch of the entire economy, so our goal is actually to develop small and medium business in Serbia by providing financial support to enterprises. When it comes to agriculture, we always work with our partners and we agree on conditions that can influence the growth of yield and income. We strive to provide facilities for the procurement of various type of equipment: process, production, and processing. Naturally, we help in the purchase of tractors, combines, and attachable machinery. On the basis of long-standing cooperation, suppliers of this equipment expect increased sales and are ready to reduce the price by paying part of the interest for agricultural producers. This is the biggest side benefit of our joint cooperation for both the end-user and the supplier. The number of our partners has expanded, but the world’s leading manufacturers of equipment and materials are in the lead position because they can guarantee quality, lower energy consumption per unit produced, which automatically means that the businessmen can have lower costs and greater competitiveness. Nevertheless, domestic companies which produce a lot of smaller agricultural machinery and reproductive material, as well as domestic seeds, are also involved. We also have construction companies that offer construction of agricultural facilities, such as storage silos.

EP: What is your assessment of the future of financing and development of the agricultural sector in our country?

Ivan Smiljkovic: In the previous period, we had the opportunity to see that the average agricultural holdings with ve to ten hectares of land reached the level of large producers with several hundred hectares, some even more than 1,000 hectares, which made them serious businessmen not only in our country but probably also in the region. The development of agriculture in Serbia takes place quite quickly, and we are quite different from other countries. Our participation in this advancement is great, but the entrepreneurial spirit of the farmers, as well as their desire to invest from a loan or reinvest from gained profit, is significant. Taking this into account, I can freely predict them bright future.

EP: Do you expect some other banks to provide more support to agribusiness?

Ivan Smiljkovic: Competition in agriculture loans is growing because, in the last year and a half, the number of banks that give loans to farmers has increased. Our advantage lies in the knowledge and expertise we have gained over the past seventeen years, as well as the commitment of management and employees to provide appropriate solutions for financing agriculture. This is not an additional segment of business for us, but it is strategically important, and we are dedicated to its progress through a comprehensive banking offer for small and medium business and agriculture. These two segments, agriculture and the development of small and medium-sized enterprises make up over 90 percent of our total placements and, thanks to that, we today hold a leadership position.

EP: Out of a total number of agricultural loans granted, almost every other is approved by your bank. What is the advantage of your offer to farmers?

Ivan Smiljkovic: We have business units that are solely dedicated to cooperation with agricultural producers and providing services in issuing agricultural loans. It is important to say that farmers need not only credit but also advice on how to manage nances, where to allocate surplus funds and what measures of credit support they need. It is obvious that we have raised our cooperation with individual producers to a higher and new level. Here is one example of this cooperation. Last year we organized, on the level of the entire ProCredit Group, an important meeting in Thessaloniki, attended by about 850 producers and businessmen from the region, not just farmers. In this forum, our businessmen could exchange experiences with other businesses with small or medium-sized enterprises in one place, as well as to find a new market for their products or to reach the supplier of equipment, seeds, and reproductive material. This is best seen in the long-term and consistent relationship of our bank towards clients.

“GREEN FUNDING” ProCredit Bank

The commitment to protect the environment in ProCredit Bank is reflected in a concept based on three pillars of activity. “The first is an internal pillar which is dedicated to the continuous reduction of direct impacts that our bank and our business have on the environment. This is about the activities that we are trying to reduce our consumption of energy, water, paper and the like,” says Ivan Smiljkovic. The second pillar refers to risk management and the promotion of environmental standards when approving loans to clients. At the very end, the third pillar is green financing, which means that ProCredit Bank actively promotes and supports various types of investments in energy efficient projects, renewable energy sources and environmental protection solutions. “We are proud of the fact that in September this year the share of green loans exceeded 10 percent and the growth rate is more than 30 percent. This is the biggest growth of one sector. And our plans in this segment are very ambitious. This is one of the pillars we often say that it supports our basic strategy of investing in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises that have a green strategy, “says Ivan Smiljković, adding, ”We are a development-oriented commercial bank. Nevertheless, while we strive to help develop the domestic economy, we take care of preserving the environment for us and our children as well as for all future generations.”

EP: Agricultural loans with state subsidies have been reallocated this year, and ProCredit Bank mediated it between its clients and the Ministry of Agriculture in order to improve business in the agro sector with this support.

Ivan Smiljkovic: Every year our participation in the Ministry of Agriculture’s agriculture loan programs is about 50 percent. We provide funds, while the Ministry subsidizes interest. The procedure for obtaining subsidized loans is not so complicated, and for our farmers, perhaps the most important thing is our timely reaction and individual approach as well as the understanding of business models, which gives them security in obtaining loans. This year, support to the agricultural sector has been improved, so loans were granted to agricultural producers under 40 years old, as well as women in agriculture, and the interest rate was 1%. The speed of processing requests and understanding of needs are the most important factors that enable the producer to obtain this loan. Our role was also to actively inform the competent Ministry on the problems of farmers, and especially this year when droughts were expressed, in order to take these reasons into account when determining terms and deadlines for the loan.

EP: What are the basic conditions for crediting agricultural production?

Ivan Smiljkovic: First of all, there must be agricultural production, that is, a registered agricultural holding with a certain history of business, certain revenues, and a sustainable business. In order to ensure stability and predictability of development, as a bank, we have been financing our farmers for years to increase their estates. Over the past two years, we have pledged more than EUR 26 million for the purchase of land through long-term loans with a repayment period of over 10 years, which is in line with the time of their return on investment. Specific conditions for the loans depend on the agricultural sector.

Our attitude is that small and medium enterprises, as well as agriculture, are the pillars of Serbian economy development. Almost 90 percent of our total placements were for small and medium-sized enterprises. We are proud of the fact that today the total placements of small and medium-sized businesses exceed 500 million euros in our bank. I would like to emphasize that this is not only specific to ProCredit Bank in Serbia, but the support to small and medium business is the focus of the whole Procredit Group and that in the past period all banks within the group increase their participation in financing small and medium enterprises.

Ivan Smiljkovic states that ProCredit Bank promotes investments in renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in order to promote the development of domestic agriculture. “The new technology that domestic businessmen, through our loans, acquire to improve productivity but already imply a high degree of energy efficiency – less energy is consumed, and CO2 emissions are lower. Two years ago, we organized a seminar in Novi Sad on active investment in biogas plants. A year passed from the initial steps towards the installation of these plants and the implementation of the first one and this time was spent on obtaining permits and starting out of documentation, which required a lot of dedication and effort. Today, the number of farmers interested in investing in renewable energy sources, and above all in biogas, is increasing. One of our projects is also a solar irrigation pump. Our partners and we have made the first such pump, which should primarily help vegetable growers irrigate their plants without the active participation of electricity or oil. We also tried to offer this product to our customers, but the response was not great due to low electricity prices. Nevertheless, I believe that greater interest in this investment will follow in the coming period”.

EP: What is the InnovFin Guarantee Scheme with which loans from the European Investment fund can be obtained?

Ivan Smiljkovic: We finance our portfolio partly from the credit lines we receive from international financial institutions, but mostly for the financing of our placements we rely on deposits that we have collected from the population and the economy. In our bank, one of the most attractive savings offers with very good interest rate is current at the moment and it is intended primarily for individuals. This means that all clients who leave a deposit in ProCredit Bank indirectly contribute to the faster development of domestic agriculture and small and medium-sized enterprises. Here, I would like to point out that as a responsible financial institution, we are directing our attention entirely to what contributes to the development of the domestic economy, and it is a guarantee for our depositors that we will use the entrusted funds for the best possible purpose.

On the other hand, the European Investment Fund allocated EUR 160 million through ProCredit to Serbia through the InnovFin program, and at the level of ProCredit Group, 850 million was approved for countries in South East Europe in which ProCredit Group is represented. This is an excellent guarantee scheme that has been prepared within the Horizon 2020 program to improve the competitiveness of the economy in Europe, and by introducing innovations in production, marketing and other areas in the small and medium business sector. Interest rates today are at the lowest historical level in Europe and Serbia, and we do not expect them to change drastically. Therefore, interest is no longer an insurmountable problem in financing. The biggest obstacle to financing encountered by owners of small and medium-sized enterprises is their inability to provide guarantees for long-term loans, despite having good ideas. InnovFin, which guarantees 50 percent of the placements, assists here.

In March 2016, we began to use the funds from this program, and by the end of September 2017, we financed over 62 million euros of investments that brought some kind of innovation to small and medium-sized enterprises. Another program that we also use is the Western Balkans Enterprise Development & Innovation Facility, also intended for small and medium businesses, which provides 70 percent coverage. In March this year we got 25 million euros and by September we used them. Through these two programs, we enabled our businessmen the access to funds of around EUR 90 million for a year and a half, which they used to improve their business processes and, therefore, their competitiveness on the domestic and foreign markets has increased significantly.

EP: Some time ago you held a seminar on energy saving through investing in energy efficient solutions in domestic companies. Then you presented the results ProCredit achieved by investing in energy efficiency measures in its branches. What are the results of these investments?

Ivan Smiljkovic: ProCredit has been taking care of energy consumption, CO2 emissions and the use of natural resources as well as recycling for years. We are the only financial institution with ISO standard 14001:2015 that we introduced last year together with all members of ProCredit Group. We focused mostly on building energy efficiency 19 measures, we developed a manual on how to equip our buildings, which includes all the elements – from insulation and heating to the monitoring system. We already have 100 percent of LED lighting in all of our business units. In almost all buildings, we have building management systems (BMS) with remote control, which help reduce energy consumption. I will use one example to see the savings. The heating energy we spent in the period from 2011 to 2016 decreased by 71 percent and the total energy by 38 percent.

We should not forget that we are also the first financial institution and company in Serbia that imported a fleet of electric cars. For the past year and a half, we have been using seven Volkswagen e-ups for our regular activities. Our long-term goal is to increase our fleet not only to electric but also to hybrid cars. So it was natural to invest in electric car chargers. Each of our branches has a built-in charger, and in the head office, we installed the first solar-powered charger this year. The energy mix in our country is primarily based on coal, and since we have decided to use electric cars powered by coal-based electricity, our impact on CO2 reduction would not be significant if we did not launch solar-charging projects. We are currently considering the possibility of installing a solar power plant on the roof of our building to produce electricity for your own needs. The process of collecting bids is underway and in the first quarter of 2018, we will be dedicated to the realization of this project.

Interview by: Tamara Zjacic

This interview was originally published in the ninth issue of the Energy Portal Magazine, named ECOHEALTH.

District Heating Warms Cities Without Fossil Fuels

Foto: ABB
Photo: ABB

Heating homes and offices without adding to the dangers of climate change is a major challenge for many cities, but re-imagined district heating is now offering an answer.

A district heating scheme is a network of insulated pipes used to deliver heat, in the form of hot water or steam, from where it is generated to wherever it is to be used.

As a way of providing warmth for thousands of homes, typically in multi-storey apartment buildings, district heating has a long history in eastern Europe and Russia. But the hot water it distributes typically comes from power stations burning coal or gas, which means more greenhouse gas emissions.

Tapping into other forms of producing hot water, from renewable energy, bio-gas or capturing waste heat from industrial production, supermarkets or IT systems, provides alternative sources of large scale heating without adding to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Sweden has pioneered the switch from fossil fuels to other ways of heating water. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency said the country has gone from almost exclusively relying on fossil fuels to being 90 percent powered by renewable and recycled heat in 2017.

Today Stockholm, the capital, which needs heating for nine months of the year, contains 2,800 km of underground pipes connecting to more than 10,000 buildings, said Erik Rylander from Fortum, an energy company active in Nordic and Baltic countries.

“As long as you have a water-based heating circuit in your building (which basically all bigger buildings in Sweden have), the connection is easy,” he explained. “A heat exchanger is placed in the basement which connects the district heating system to the building’s heating system.”

The system uses biofuels—wood chips, wood pellets and bio-oil—as well as household waste and recovered heat from the city’s data centers and industries. It also draws energy from the sea using large heat pumps, Rylander said.

Further south in Spain, where heating is mostly required only in the winter months, winning public acceptance for the need to install district systems has been more difficult.

The involvement of citizens is a key issue for smart city initiatives, said José Ramón Martín-Sanz García, energy efficiency engineer at Veolia, a partner in a Spanish project near Valladolid.

“One of the biggest challenges was convincing homeowners that it was necessary. It required a communication plan,” he said. About 31 buildings, a total of 1,488 dwellings with more than 4,000 residents, have been retrofitted since 2014 to decrease buildings’ energy demands by 40 percent.

Also in Spain, San Sebastian is in the final stages of installing a power plant that will heat 1,500 new homes. The construction falls under the umbrella of the European research initiative Project Replicate, which seeks to reduce primary energy consumption by 35 percent through a biomass-fueled district heating system. It will be finalized by this summer.

“This is the first project of its kind,” said Ainara Amundarain, smart strategy and sector specialization technician for the city of San Sebastian. “Most of the buildings in the district heating area are being built in tandem with the district heating project, so retrofitting is not an issue.”

However, 154 buildings already standing in the zone will have to accommodate the new technology. “They’re quite old, from the 1960s, so what we are also doing is retrofitting these old buildings,” she said. In the event of a longer or colder winter, the city has back-up measures in the form of gas boilers.

While many district heating schemes are quite large-scale, others can be much smaller, using waste heat from one building to heat another nearby. The strategy is that heat will be supplied from local sources of waste heat such as retail outlets, buildings and IT server rooms, as well as from renewable sources such as solar power and heat pumps—and often in combination with thermal storage.

“The results from our modeling studies demonstrate that by installing a low-temperature district heating grid, it is possible to reduce heat losses by a third,” explained SINTEF researcher Hanne Kauko.

She said the term “district heating” is really rather misleading. “In these local heating grids, the sources of heat are in fact very close at hand, so in Norway the sector is introducing a new term for such systems—urban energy.”

A low-temperature heat distribution grid linked to heat pumps or electric boilers, combined with thermal storage, will also facilitate electricity storage in the form of heat during periods of electricity overproduction from renewable sources.

Kauko believes that housing developers should consider low-temperature urban energy systems when planning future projects. “New buildings in particular are very well suited to low-temperature urban energy systems because they exhibit lower levels of heat loss than older buildings, and are often fitted with underfloor heating that is ideal for heat distribution at lower temperatures,” said Kauko.

“Today, heat is distributed in urban energy grids at temperatures of about 100°C, but modern buildings simply don’t require heat to be supplied at temperatures as high as this.”

Source: ecowatch.com

All Renewables Will Be Cost Competitive With Fossil Fuels by 2020

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

Generating electricity from renewable energy sources is not only better for the environment compared to fossil fuels, but it will also be consistently cheaper in just a few years, according to a new report.

According to a cost analysis from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the best onshore wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) projects could deliver electricity for $0.03 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) by 2019, much lower than the current cost of power from fossil fuels, which ranges from $0.05 to $0.17 per kWh.

The analysis highlights the dramatic dip in solar and wind prices over the last decade. Onshore wind has fallen by around a quarter since 2010, with solar PV electricity costs falling by 73 percent in that time. Additionally, solar PV costs are expected to halve by 2020.

In the last 12 months alone, the global weighted average costs of onshore wind and solar PV have stood at $0.06 and $0.10 per kWh, respectively. Recent auction results also suggest future projects will significantly undercut these averages—onshore wind is now routinely commissioned for $0.04 per kWh. Additionally, record low prices for solar PV in Abu Dhabi, Chile, Dubai, Mexico, Peru and Saudi Arabia have made $0.03 kWh (and below) the new benchmark.

Other types of renewable technologies—including hydropower ($0.05 per kWh), bioenergy and geothermal ($0.07 per kWh)—have also been cost competitive with fossil fuels over the last 12 months, the report found.

Remarkably, IRENA projects that all forms of renewables will compete with fossils on price by 2020.

“This new dynamic signals a significant shift in the energy paradigm,” Adnan Z. Amin, IRENA director-general, said. “These cost declines across technologies are unprecedented and representative of the degree to which renewable energy is disrupting the global energy system.”

According to the report, the cost reductions have been driven by a number of factors, including competitive procurement practices, the emergence of a large base of experienced medium-to-large project developers competing for global market opportunities, and continued technological advancements.

“Turning to renewables for new power generation is not simply an environmentally conscious decision, it is now—overwhelmingly—a smart economic one,” Amin continued.

“Governments around the world are recognizing this potential and forging ahead with low-carbon economic agendas underpinned by renewables-based energy systems. We expect the transition to gather further momentum, supporting jobs, growth, improved health, national resilience and climate mitigation around the world in 2018 and beyond.”

The report was released Saturday, the first day of IRENA’s Eighth Assembly in Abu Dhabi, where more than 1,100 representatives of governments from 150 countries met to reaffirm the global renewable energy agenda and to make concrete steps to accelerate the global energy transition.

Source: ecowatch.com

Turning Beer into Fuel

Photo-illustration: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

It is commonly accepted that there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels for transportation to replace diesel and petrol. One of the most widely used sustainable alternatives to petrol world-wide is bioethanol — in the United States gasoline is typically sold as a blend with up to 10 percent ethanol. It is also know that ethanol is not an ideal replacement for petrol as it has issues such as lower energy density, it mixes too easily with water and can be fairly corrosive to engines. A much better fuel alternative is butanol but this is difficult to make from sustainable sources.

Scientists from the University of Bristol’s School of Chemistry have been working for several years to develop technology that will convert widely-available ethanol into butanol. This has already been demonstrated in laboratory conditions with pure, dry ethanol but, if this technology is to be scaled up, it needs to work with real ethanol fermentation broths. These contain a lot of water (about 90 percent) and other impurities, so the new technology has to be developed to tolerate that.

Professor Duncan Wass, whose team led the research, said: “The alcohol in alcoholic drinks is actually ethanol — exactly the same molecule that we want to convert into butanol as a petrol replacement.

The technology used to convert ethanol into butanol is called a catalyst — these are chemicals which can speed up and control a chemical reaction and are already widely used in the petrochemical industry. The Bristol team’s key finding is that their catalysts will convert beer (or specifically, the ethanol in beer) into butanol. In demonstrating that catalysts work with a ‘real’ ethanol mixture, the team have demonstrated a key step in scaling this technology up to industrial application.

Professor Wass added: “There are ways to obtain ethanol for fuel from fermentation that produce something that chemically is very much like beer — so beer is an excellent readily available model to test our technology.”

Another advantage of this approach is that it is quite similar to many existing petrochembeerical processes.

The next step in terms of application is to build this larger scale process and, based on previous processes, this could take as long as five years even if everything went well. From a scientific point of view, the team are now trying to understand what makes their catalysts so successful.

Professor Wass said: “Turning beer into petrol was a bit of fun, and something to do with the leftovers of the lab Christmas party, but it has a serious point.”

Source: Science Daily

Average Temperatures In Alaska In December Shatter Existing Record

Foto: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

Climate scientists have been warning us for decades that global warming will affect polar regions first. If that is so — assuming those scientists are not all being paid by the Chinese to perpetrate a giant fraud on the world — then the latest reports from Alaska should be truly alarming. In December, 2017, the average temperature in Alaska was 19.4° F according to a report from NOAA. That’s 2.1º F more than the previous high temperature record set in 1985. For the month, Alaska was a startling 15.7º F warmer on average when compared to data going back to 1925.

“That’s really quite astonishing,” Rick Thoman, the National Weather Service’s climate sciences and services manager for the Alaska region tells the Anchorage Daily News. “Usually you’re breaking those by a tenth of a degree or two tenths of a degree.”

NOAA began its latest report with this statement: “Based on preliminary analysis, the average annual temperature for the contiguous U.S. was 54.6°F, 2.6°F above the 20th century average. This was the third warmest year since record keeping began in 1895, behind 2012 (55.3°F) and 2016 (54.9°F), and the 21st consecutive warmer-than-average year for the U.S. (1997 through 2017).”

Adding more grayness to the climate picture, Arctic sea ice levels are considerably below normal levels. All these factors are self-reinforcing. Less sea ice leads to higher temperatures in the Arctic. Higher temperatures in the Arctic lead to less sea ice. All those changes in the upper latitudes eventually impact weather patterns in lower latitudes.

“Alaska, of course, being the only Arctic part of the U.S. — we are the U.S.’s canary in that coal mine.” But are any of America’s political leaders listening to what the canary is saying? The alleged president still insists climate change is a hoax cooked up by China. The head of the EPA is pedaling furiously to help out his friends in the oil patch. Lisa Murkowski, one of Alaska’s two senators, recently withheld her support for the tax bill until the federal government promised to open the Alaska National Wildlife Reserve to oil and gas drilling.

Trump is constantly beating his gums about terrorists. But what else can you call people who knowingly place the people they represent at risk of shorter life spans fraught with a higher number of health challenges? Aren’t they the real terrorists? Shouldn’t our leaders tell the truth and if they don’t, shouldn’t they be impeached for violating their oath of office? What could amount to “high crimes and misdemeanors” other than lying about things that will have such a dramatic impact on so many people?

Thanks to Fox News, Rush Limbaugh, Breitbart, and other fake news outlets propped up by fossil fuel money, everyone in America is at risk from the impact of a warming climate. When are Americans going to throw open their windows and shout out, “We’re mad as hell and we’re not going to take it anymore?” Maybe when the seas close over Mt. Rushmore.

There will be some who protest that my views are too extreme. For them, I offer two quotes that are near and dear to my heart and inspire me on a daily basis. The first is from Elie Wiesel: “There may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice, but there must never be a time when we fail to protest.” The second is from an anonymous source but it sums up my position perfectly: “Activism is equal parts love and anger.”

Source: cleantechnica.com

‘World first’: Australian University Signs Deal for 100 Per Cent Solar Power

Photo: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

The University of New South Wales (UNSW) is hoping to make it into the green energy record books with a new deal to source all of its electricity from solar power.

The Australian university yesterday announced it has signed a 15-year power purchase agreement (PPA) with developer Maoneng Australia and electricity retailer Origin Energy, which it says will help achieve its goal to engage in ‘carbon neutral’ energy use by 2020.

UNSW claims it will be the first university in the world to go fully energy ‘carbon neutral’ through the use of solar power.

“This landmark initiative is an exciting step towards realising UNSW’s goal of carbon neutrality on energy use by 2020 and reflects our commitment to making a positive global impact,” said UNSW president and vice-chancellor Professor Ian Jacobs.

“The Solar PPA arrangement will allow UNSW to secure carbon emission-free electricity supplies at a cost which is economically and environmentally attractive when compared to fossil fuel-sourced supplies,” he added.

The “tripartite” agreement, signed in December, will see UNSW buy up to 124,000MWh of solar power every year from one of Maoneng’s solar farms in New South Wales, meeting UNSW total annual electricity demand from 2019.

A three-year deal with Origin Energy will manage the intermittency of solar power, UNSW added in a statement.

Earlier this week a new report from the International Renewable Energy Association predicted all renewable electricity technologies, including solar, will be cost-competitive with fossil fuels by 2020. It detailed how growing numbers of large energy users are expected to make use of PPAs and switch to clean power in the coming years in order to realise the financial and environmental savings it can offer.

Source: businessgreen.com

ABB and Formula E Partner to Write the Future of E-mobility

Photo: ABB
Photo: ABB

ABB and Formula E are teaming up in a ground-breaking partnership to champion e-mobility for a sustainable future. Since its first race in Beijing in September 2014, Formula E has established itself as the number one all-electric international motor sport. In the next level of development, global pioneering technology leader ABB is bringing its name and innovation and technology leadership to the series, which will be now known as the “ABB FIA Formula E Championship.”

With its unrivalled expertise in electrification and leadership in electric vehicle charging solutions, with the largest installed base of fast-charging stations for electric vehicles worldwide, ABB is the ideal industry partner for Formula E. Formula E serves as a competitive platform to develop and test e-mobility-relevant electrification and digitalization technologies, helping refine the design and functionality of electric vehicles and infrastructure as well as the associated digital platforms. By joining forces, ABB and Formula E will be ideally positioned to push the boundaries of e-mobility.

“We are extremely excited to partner with Formula E in writing the future of e-mobility,” said ABB CEO Ulrich Spiesshofer. “Today, two pioneers are uniting. ABB and Formula E are a natural fit at the forefront of the latest electrification and digital technologies. Together, we will write the next phase of this exciting sports activity and foster high-performance teams. Together, we will write the future – one electrifying race at a time.”

Alejandro Agag, founder and CEO of Formula E, said: “This is a historic day for Formula E and I’m honored to welcome the global technology leader ABB as the title partner of Formula E, with its background and expertise in the field of electrification and digital technologies. Our two companies are synonymous with pushing the boundaries of what is possible. Together, as partners, we will showcase breakthrough technology on a global scale to fans and consumers who follow the ABB FIA Formula E Championship.”

As the world leader in electric vehicle infrastructure, ABB offers the full range of charging solutions for electric cars, electric and hybrid buses as well as electrification solutions for ships and railways. ABB entered the EV-charging market back in 2010, and today has a fast growing global installed base of more than 6,000 fast chargers.

The ABB FIA Formula E Championship is the FIA electric street racing series and the world’s first fully-electric international single-seater category in motorsport. Formula E brings electrifying wheel-to-wheel action to the world’s leading cities, racing against the backdrop of iconic skylines such as New York, Hong Kong, Paris and Zurich.

The fourth edition of series will see 10 teams and 20 drivers compete in 11 cities spanning five continents in the fight to be crowned ABB Formula E champion. The next race takes place in Marrakesh on January 13, with the 2018 championship coming to a close in July.

Source: ABB

China Sitting Pretty To Dominate New Clean Energy Future, Claims IEEFA

Photo-illustration: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

With the United States pulling out of the Paris Climate Change Agreement, China has solidified its position as the dominant global clean energy powerhouse in 2017, and is set to lead the way in clean energy which is expected to lead the way in global power capacity additions for at least the next two decades.

These are the high-level key points from a new report published by the Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis (IEEFA) this week, which concludes that even though “China is undoubtedly a major funder of coal-fired power projects around the world … indications are that renewable energy will dominate global power capacity additions for at least the next two decades. China is preparing now to lead this new energy world.”

The report, China 2017 Review: World’s Second-Biggest Economy Continues to Drive Global Trends in Energy Investment (PDF), analyzes China’s continued progress in clean energy sectors during 2017, and looks forward to the role China will likely play in the coming decades as clean energy capacity additions line up to sweep away traditional fossil fuel-powered capacity additions.

“The clean energy market is growing at a rapid pace and China is setting itself up as a global technology leader while the US government looks the other way,” said Tim Buckley, co-author of the report and IEEFA’s director of energy finance studies. “Although China isn’t necessarily intending to fill the climate leadership void left by the U.S. withdrawal from Paris, it will certainly be very comfortable providing technology leadership and financial capacity so as to dominate fast-growing sectors such as solar energy, electric vehicles and batteries.”

Looking back, 2017 proved a phenomenal success for China in terms of both its renewable energy development and its efforts to curb renewable energy curtailment. Estimates are that China installed at least 50 gigawatts (GW) of new solar capacity in 2017, and Bloomberg New Energy Finance is predicting it could be as high as 54 GW, while the International Energy Agency believes that China will continue to lead the world in renewable energy development going forward as well.

Part of the confidence in these predictions is due to the all-or-nothing attitude China is taking to its Belt and Road Initiative, which has already driven $8 billion worth of solar equipment exports into neighboring regions. Meanwhile, China’s burgeoning wind energy industry is similarly looking overseas to expand its impact and dominance, led by China Energy Investor Corporation Xinjiang Goldwind and China Three Gorges. Add to this the role China’s leading hydropower companies are taking in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and China is quickly cementing its authority across a number of technologies. One wonders how long it will be before the nation casts its gaze towards offshore wind.

“It has become clear that renewables will be the dominant energy technology of the following decades with even the cautious International Energy Agency (IEA) accepting that renewables will receive the majority of energy investment going forward,” Buckley added. “China is not going to buck this trend; although it is still investing in some coal projects around the world, China will embrace the direction energy markets are moving in and is setting itself up as a global technology leader.”

Source: cleantechnica.com

Urban Farming Key in Fight Against Hunger and Climate Change

Foto: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

The urban farms sprouting up and across cities around the world aren’t just feeding mouths—they are “critical to survival” and a “necessary adaptation” for developing regions and a changing climate, according to a new study.

Urban farms—which include plain ol’ allotments, indoor vertical farms and rooftop gardens nestled amongst busy streets and skyscrapers—have become increasingly popular and important as the world’s population grows and more and more people move to cities.

The United Nations predicts that by 2030, two-thirds of the world’s population will be living in cities, with the urban population in developing countries doubling. That’s a lot of mouths to feed.

The new paper, published in the journal Earth’s Future and led by the Arizona State University and Google, finds that this expected urban population boom will benefit from urban farming in multiple ways.

As the Thomson Reuters Foundation explained from the study, “Urban farms could supply almost the entire recommended consumption of vegetables for city dwellers, while cutting food waste and reducing emissions from the transportation of agricultural products.”

According to the study, urban agriculture can help solve a host of urban environmental problems, from increasing vegetation cover (thus contributing to a decrease in the urban heat island intensity), improving the livability of cities, and providing enhanced food security to more than half of Earth’s population.

After analyzing multiple datasets in Google Earth Engine, the researchers calculated that the existing vegetation on urban farms around the world already provides some $33 billion annually in services from biocontrol, pollination, climate regulation and soil formation.

The future of urban agriculture has even more potential, the researchers found.

“We project potential annual food production of 100–180 million tonnes, energy savings ranging from 14 to 15 billion kilowatt hours, nitrogen sequestration between 100,000 and 170,000 tonnes, and avoided storm water runoff between 45 and 57 billion cubic meters annually,” the authors wrote.

“In addition, we estimate that food production, nitrogen fixation, energy savings, pollination, climate regulation, soil formation and biological control of pests could be worth as much as $80–160 billion annually in a scenario of intense [urban agriculture] implementation.”

Others have praised urban farming for its many benefits.

“Urban agriculture won’t resolve all food production and distribution problems, but it could help take pressure off rural land while providing other advantages,” wrote environmentalist Dr. David Suzuki.

He cited an example of how one patch of Detroit land, where 12 vacant houses were removed to grow food, “has supplied almost 200,000 kilograms of produce for 2,000 local families, provided volunteer experience to 8,000 residents and brought the area new investment and increased safety.”

“Local and urban agriculture can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and recycle nutrient-rich food scraps, plant debris and other ‘wastes,'” Suzuki continued. “Because maintaining lawns for little more than aesthetic value requires lots of water, energy for upkeep and often pesticides and fertilizers, converting them to food gardens makes sense.”

Writer and former Vancouver city councillor Peter Ladner also wrote in The Urban Food Revolution: Changing the Way We Feed Cities, “When urban agriculture flourishes, our children are healthier and smarter about what they eat, fewer people are hungry, more local jobs are created, local economies are stronger, our neighborhoods are greener and safer, and our communities are more inclusive.”

Source: ecowatch.com

Empire State Building Shines Green After NYC’s Decision to Take on Fossil Fuel Industry

Photo-illustration: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

New York City’s iconic Empire State Building glowed green Wednesday night following two “watershed” announcements—that the city would seek to divest its pension funds from fossil fuel investments, and that it filed suit against five oil giants for contributing to climate change.

“The Empire State Building is shining green tonight because it’s time to put our planet first. #DivestNY,” Democratic Mayor Bill de Blasio tweeted Wednesday.

350.org co-founder Bill McKibben, a major campaigner in the global divestment movement, remarked in a tweet about the green lighting, “Just this once I think it’s worth the carbon!”

The Belgium-based European Green Party also chimed in and advocated for European leaders to follow the Big Apple’s footsteps.

“Let’s join #DivestNY and #DivestEurope for a Green and sustainable future for us and generations to come,” the party said on social media.

The divestment movement has grown in the U.S. and around the world. In November, Norway proposed to sell off all of its shares (about $35 billion) in oil and natural gas holdings.

Mayor de Blasio and Comptroller Scott Stringer said they intend to divest New York City’s $5 billion in securities of over 190 fossil fuel companies.

New York’s lawsuit, filed in federal court, names BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell as defendants. The city seeks billions of dollars in damages and alleges the fossil fuel industry knew for decades that burning fuels drives global warming.

Environmentalists cheered the city’s historic announcement.

“Today was an incredible day,” author and investigative journalist Naomi Klein tweeted. “Hearing the mayor of the biggest city in the richest country on earth announce a lawsuit against 5 oil majors for climate damages AND fossil fuel divestment? Wow. We needed this. We will build on it.”

Source: ecowatch.com

‘Clean Energy Is a Fundamental Civil Right’: Major Campaign to Expand Access to Solar

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

The NAACP is launching a major environmental justice campaign on Jan. 13 to mark the Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service.

The “Solar Equity Initiative” aims to provide solar job skills training to 100 individuals, install solar panels on more than 30 homes and community centers in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color, and strengthen equity in solar access policies in at least five states.

The first panels will be installed on transitional housing for domestic violence survivors being served by the Los Angeles-based Jenesse Center, a nationally recognized non-profit domestic violence prevention and intervention organization. Clients served by the Jenesse Center will also get hands-on training from GRID Alternatives during the installation, which will provide the women skills to access the booming solar energy industry.

The NAACP said that the Jenesse installation is expected to save the center an estimated $48,825 in lifetime financial savings and will help reduce harmful toxins and offset 90.06 tons of carbon emissions—the equivalent to planting more than 2,000 trees or taking 17 cars off the road.

“Underserved communities cannot be left behind in a clean energy transition,” said NAACP president and CEO Derrick Johnson. “Clean energy is a fundamental civil right which must be available to all, within the framework of a just transition.”

Low-income communities, particularly communities of color, are disparately burdened by environmental pollution and the impacts of climate change. A 2011 EarthJustice report found that in Alabama (24.5 percent) and Mississippi (26.5 percent), the poverty rate near coal plants is more than twice the national average. In Tennessee the number of people living below the poverty line near coal plants is 41 percent higher than would be expected from the national average.

As a press release for the new campaign noted:

“Multiple NAACP studies and reports chronicle the disparities in exposure to pollution from fossil fuel based energy production in low income and communities of color. Communities of color and low income communities, as well as population groups such as women, consume the least energy, but are most disproportionately impacted, suffering poor health outcomes, compromised education, loss of livelihoods and loss of life as a result of exposure to toxins and the ravages of climate change.”

Other partners supporting the NAACP’s solar equity initiative include Solar Energy Industries Association, Sunrun, United Methodist Women and Vote Solar.

“This initiative is in the true spirit of the legacy of Dr. King and underscores the mission of the NAACP to advance equity and justice,” said Leon Russell, chairman of the NAACP Board of Directors.

Source: ecowatch.com

World’s Coral Reefs Reaching The Point Of No Return

Foto: pixabay
Photo-illustration: Pixabay

The vast majority of the world’s coral reefs are now reaching the point of no return — the point at which it wouldn’t even theoretically be possible to save them from disappearing completely (some argue that this point has long since been passed, it should be noted).

A new study published in the journal Science, for instance, found that extreme bleaching events that during the last decades of the 20th century are now occurring just every 5-6 years; and that the rate at which these events occur seems to be rapidly increasing.

That work — which involved the surveying of 100 different coral reefs around the world — reveals that even the “worst case scenarios” of a couple of decades ago were vast underestimates of the danger. (It’s notable that this is apparently the same situation as that now facing climate science — other than James Hansen and a few others, not many in the field seem to be making predictions that track with the speed at which changes are now occurring.)

“These impacts are stacking up at a pace and at a severity that I never had anticipated, even as an expert,” explained Kim Cobb, a climate researcher and coral researcher at the Georgia Institute of Technology. “It’s really the rapidity of it that is so sobering and shocking — and for me personally, life-altering.”

For the coral reefs and the animals that live in them as well, of course.

For those unfamiliar with the subject, coral bleaching is an event where heat, infection, and other causes lead to corals forcibly expelling the symbiotic algae that they are ultimately dependent upon for survival (the algae produce some of the food that the coral animals survive on).

Following bleaching, corals often die back greatly (or completely), and repeated events over short periods of time (just a few years, etc.) can lead to the complete death of reefs.

What’s particularly notable about this situation is that coral bleaching was effectively unheard of just a few decades ago. The rapid beginning and intensification of coral bleaching events represents a phase-change far more than it does a simple linear spread.

In other words, everything on the surface seemed in many ways completely fine, and then all of a sudden everything seemed to change, and now it isn’t. Expect to see much, much more of the same over the coming years — as climate weirding gives the old trickster gods of the past a free hand to undermine people’s misplaced assumptions, projections, and expectations.

“It is clear already that we’re going to lose most of the world’s coral reefs,” explained study coauthor Mark Eakin, the coordinator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coral Reef Watch program.

Eakin also noted that ocean temperatures are expected (based on conservative estimates) to warm enough by 2050 that around 90% of the world’s coral reefs will experience bleaching events every year — that’s if they’re still around at all, that is.

With regard to the new study, Grist provides more:

“The new study finds that 94% of surveyed coral reefs have experienced a severe bleaching event since the 1980s. Only 6 sites surveyed were unaffected. They are scattered around the world, meaning no ocean basin on Earth has been entirely spared. The implications of these data in a warming world, taken together with other ongoing marine stressors like overfishing and pollution, are damning.

“…For conservation biologists like Josh Drew, whose work focuses on coral reefs near Fiji, that loss of recovery time amounts to a ‘death warrant for coral reefs as we know them. I’m not saying we’re not going to have reefs at all, but those reefs that survive are going to be fundamentally different,’ says Drew, who is not affiliated with the new study. ‘We are selecting for corals that are effectively weedy, for things that can grow back in two to three years, for things that are accustomed to having hot water.’”

So, why does all of this matter? Coral reefs are currently home to about 25% of all known marine species, despite only comprising 0.5% of the ocean’s topographical area. In other words, they are the most densely populated and biologically active parts of the ocean (by some means of accounting, probably not all).

What’s perhaps more notable here, though, is that coral reefs serve as spawning and early-life habitats to many marine species that then spend the rest of their lives elsewhere in the ocean. If the world’s coral reefs mostly disappear then the effects on the broader marine environment are likely to be enormous and profound.

In accompaniment to ocean acidification, overfishing, and increasing levels of pollution, the future of the marine world looks incredibly bleak.

It’s worth remembering, though, that the actions that would limit the wholesale destruction of the world’s coral reefs are also those that would help to prevent the mass extinction of land life as well — and the end of large-scale human populations and culture, for that matter.

Source: cleantechnica.com

A Battery-Powered Electric Plane Just Had Its First Test Flight in Australia

Photo: Pipistrel
Photo: Pipistrel

Startup Electro.Aero and aircraft manufacturer Pipistrel have started test flights for an all-electric plane above an airport in Australia. The plan is to have electric planes that can carry up to five people over short distances.

As the world prepares for an all-electric vehicle (EV) future and numerous countries plan to do away with combustion-engine cars, it comes as no surprise that the next EVs are airplanes. The recent test flights of a single-engine electric plane in Australia is an example of this transition.

Slovenian light aircraft manufacturer Pipistrel flew the two-seater airplane dubbed “Pipistrel Alpha Electro” over an airport in Perth for the first time on Jan. 2. Pipistrel has a history of crafting innovate planes, including some powered by hydrogen fuel.

This plane runs on two lithium-ion batteries, like those in Tesla’s EVs, that can keep it in the air for an hour, with some 30 minutes of extra power in reserve. The batteries can supposedly give the plane 1,000 flying hours in total over their lifetimes. A supercharger based in Jandakot Airport can supply the Alpha Electro with a full charge within about one hour.

To bring electric planes to Australian skies, Pipistrel is working with local startup Electro.Aero. The two companies recognize the advantages electric planes have over conventional ones, said Joshua Portlock, founder of Electro.Aero. “Electric propulsion is a lot simpler than a petrol engine,” Portlock told ABC. “Inside a petrol engine you have hundreds of moving parts.”

Not so with this electric plane, which is also cheaper to fly compared to aircraft that use jet fuel. To run the Alpha Electro’s engine, for example, costs only about $3 an hour. The plane efficiently uses electricity, needing only 60 kilowatts of power to take off and only 20kW to cruise, where it glides almost as silently as an electric car.

Furthermore, flying electric is considerably cleaner than using fossil fuels. That’s especially crucial in today’s fight against climate change, as the aviation industry is said to be among the largest contributors in carbon emissions, from the more than 20,000 planes used all over the world. Thankfully, Electro.Aero and Pipistrel aren’t the only companies working on electric planes. A U.S.-based startup is working on a budget passenger plane that’s all electric.

Electro.Aero hopes to hook up a charging station for electric planes to the solar array near Rottnest Island airport, which could allow electric air-taxis to ferry small groups of up to five people to the island.

Source: Futurism