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Circular Economy – An Investment In The Future

Photo: Pexels (Artempodrez)

The circular economy is becoming an increasingly important concept in global efforts towards sustainable development, and its implementation in Serbia could bring numerous economic, environmental, and social benefits. To explore how the circular economy can enhance the competitiveness of the domestic economy, what its key challenges are, and how it can be successfully implemented, we spoke with Siniša Mitrović, head of the Centre for Circular Economy at the Serbian Chamber of Commerce.

Q: What is the essence of the circular economy, and what are its advantages compared to the linear model?

Photo: Courtesy of Siniša Mitrović

A: The topic of the circular economy is being discussed more and more each day. There are many definitions and interpretations of what it entails and how far its scope extends. Many people view the circular economy primarily through the lens of waste management, but that is only one aspect of circularity. The linear economy, which we have been living in for so long, has distanced us from nature and put us in conflict with it. Each new generation has taken more natural resources and depleted living spaces. Unfortunately, we may have started waking up too late – forced by climate change, which is altering our lives through extreme weather events affecting the Western Balkans as well. In 2024, for the first time, the Earth’s temperature exceeded 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average on anannual basis, putting the fulfillment of the Paris Agreement’s climate goals in jeopardy.

The circular economy is not some ‘new religion’ created by the European political elite; rather, it arises from the European industry’s struggle to survive without critical materials and remain competitive against the challenges posed by the US, China, and the BRICS economies. The EU must urgently address the long-standing obstacles and structural weaknesses holding it back. For over two decades, Europe has failed to keep pace with other major economies due to a persistent productivity growth gap, lagging particularly in innovation. The European industry is under pressure today due to high energy prices and complex regulatory frameworks.

Interestingly, the circular economy existed in this region two hundred years ago. Our ancestors lived sustainably, producing zero waste, protecting water sources and streams from pollution, and practicing regenerative agriculture. However, then came socialism, industrialization, a command economy, and eventually liberal capitalism, leading to the emergence of a consumer society. Today, Serbia depletes its natural resources by mid-year, and beyond that point, we overexploit nature, which ‘invoices’ us through droughts, floods, erosion, supercell storms, and other hazards. Ultimately, the easiest way to define these economic models is that the linear economy follows a produce–use–discard model, while the circular economy follows a produce–use–reproduce model.

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Q: How do you assess the current implementation of the circular economy in Serbia, and what are the biggest challenges in this process?

A: The circular economy in Serbia is not far behind the EU; in fact, some of our companies are already highly circular, not due to populism but because they have made sound business decisions prioritizing community progress over profit alone. The challenge these companies face is that the state lacks mechanisms to reward them, such as tax reductions on profits or exemptions from environmental levies. To be fair, the EU has not fully resolved this issue either, but it is actively working on it.

Photo: Pixabay (TyliJura)

Circular products are generally more expensive, making them uncompetitive against similar non-circular products. Currently, significant efforts are being made to develop a system for measuring circularity so that each product will eventually have something akin to a passport, recording details such as energy consumption and type, raw materials used, whether recycled materials were incorporated, and how recyclable the final product is. This passport will contain additional data, but ultimately, consumers will have much more information at their disposal.

At the Serbian Chamber of Commerce, our primary mission is knowledge transfer to companies, particularly in the area of business decarbonization. We must encourage companies to think ahead and transform their business models. Otherwise, competitiveness will increasingly depend on how green production processes become. Serbia has strategic documents on circular economy policy, but implementing the proposed measures is the most significant and challenging step. Green transformation in Serbia could enable GDP growth of one percent annually. However, from mid-2024 onwards, the green agenda seems to be losing momentum, as small and medium-sized enterprises are not seeing the benefits of green regulations – only increased bureaucracy and rising production costs. Criticism of the European Green Deal is mounting, and there is growing pressure to delay taxonomy measures, particularly the carbon tax. In Serbia today, the most expensive word is business predictability. Many risk factors are at play – trade tariffs, sanctions against NIS, decarbonization of the energy sector, resource prices, supply chain disruptions, and the broader influence of shifting global politics, including Trumpism. All of this pushes us to develop strategic policies that will steer Serbia towards a more advanced economic future and integration into international economic blocs.

Q: How does implementing the circular economy contribute to reducing industrial waste and improving the recycling system in Serbia?

A: When we have five billion euros in foreign direct investment and an annual economic growth of four percent, the industry must have ready-made solutions for the waste it generates. Serbia currently has the most expensive industrial waste management solutions in Europe, poor infrastructure for collection and treatment, insufficient knowledge and best practices, and, of course, a lack of financial resources to organize everything.

In addition, there is public resistance, which is justified if negotiations with citizens and the civil sector about the best environmental solutions are not conducted in time. We must be brave, especially at the local level, transparent, and confident that investments in industrial waste infrastructure (storage and treatment) are much better solutions than dumping waste in nature, watercourses, or burying it.

Industrial waste can become a resource for other industries, which is why we at the Serbian Chamber of Commerce advocate for industrial symbiosis—where waste from one industry becomes raw material for small and medium-sized enterprises, particularly in cases involving plastic, used tires, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, cables, and other materials.

Interview by Milena Maglovski

The inteview was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

How AI Can Make the Fashion Industry More Sustainable

Photo-illustration: Pixabay

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) elicits a range of reactions—from fears about the limits of its development to recognition of opportunities for improving efficiency across various sectors of society. The fashion industry, often criticized for its environmental impact, faces challenges related to resource use, such as materials, energy, and water, as well as pollution—from microplastics to other harmful emissions during product use and disposal at the end of the life cycle.

AI is increasingly seen as a tool for enhancing sustainability in this industry. By using advanced algorithms, waste can be reduced and resources used more efficiently during the design process. AI can also analyze trends and predict what consumers truly want, enabling production to be aligned with actual market demand and reducing the likelihood of products becoming waste.

Special attention is being given to optimizing production processes. AI provides detailed data analysis on material selection and more efficient usage, helping to better utilize resources and minimize fabric waste. For example, in the cutting process, AI can help ensure that materials are fully used, leaving minimal scraps behind.

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AI is also improving customer experience in sales by showcasing products that best suit customer needs, thereby reducing the number of unsuitable purchases—especially in online shopping.

Moreover, AI enhances logistics by optimizing delivery routes and reducing unnecessary shipments, contributing to lower carbon dioxide emissions.

However, to fully unlock AI’s potential, there are challenges that must be addressed. Investing in the technology requires significant financial resources, and data centers and AI systems consume large amounts of energy—making it crucial that they are powered by renewable sources. Ethical concerns are also inevitable; AI must be used for fair and just purposes, not abused, which includes protecting jobs and ensuring transparency in how the technology is applied.

Energy Portal

Coal Industry in Australia Increases Production While Emissions Remain the Same – Genuine Success or Illusion?

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay

The organization Ember has published a report analyzing fugitive emissions in Australia’s coal industry between 1990 and 2022. These are greenhouse gas emissions resulting from leaks or unintentional gas releases that are not directly controlled.

During the analyzed period, the coal industry in the country grew by 170 percent, with coal production rising from 200 million tons to around 540 million tons. Interestingly, although coal production increased significantly, emissions from coal mines rose by only 0.17 percent.

Two key reasons are cited for this outcome: the closure of mines with high gas (methane) content and a significant increase in open-pit mining, which has lower emissions per unit of coal.

However, a factor contributing to the reduction in reported emissions is also a change in the estimation methodology. According to the new approach, emissions are now calculated individually for each mine rather than using an average value for all mines.

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Still, these estimates are often not verified, which can result in emissions being reported as lower than they actually are—meaning the reports may be inaccurate and underestimated.

Coal production in Australia grew more than twice as fast as emissions during this period. However, this success should not mislead one into thinking the industry can ignore further efforts to reduce emissions.

Namely, the reduction in emissions is not entirely the result of advanced technologies or emission reductions within the mines themselves, but also due to changes in calculation methodology and the closure of high-emission mines. Currently, there are still several mines with high gas content slated for expansion, which could lead to increased emissions again if additional reduction measures are not implemented.

Energy Portal

Chemtrails or Something Else – How White Streaks in the Sky Affect Global Warming

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Brigitte Elsner)

You’ve probably heard the story – planes releasing mysterious chemicals to alter the weather, control our thoughts, or conduct who-knows-what experiments on us. Maybe you’ve even looked up at the sky, seen those white trails, and wondered: “What’s really coming out of those planes?”

It turns out those trails – described in conspiracy theories as chemtrails (chemical trails), and in science as contrails (short for condensation trails) – actually do have the power to influence the climate, but not in the way conspiracy theorists believe. Science is now fairly certain: these trails may not contain secret substances, but they’re definitely not harmless.

We all know aviation contributes to global warming by emitting carbon dioxide (CO₂). But what’s less known is that contrails themselves can have an even greater short-term effect on the climate than CO₂. Here’s how.

When a jet engine burns fuel, it releases water vapor, soot, and other particles. At high altitudes, where temperatures are extremely low, the water vapor condenses around those particles and forms tiny ice crystals – the white streaks we see in the sky. Most trails disappear quickly, but if the air is very cold and humid, these trails can last for hours and spread out, forming cirrus-like clouds.

And that’s where the problem begins: airplane contrails act like a massive atmospheric blanket, trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space, thereby contributing to global warming, according to the European Federation for Transport and Environment.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Pascal Meier)

In fact, contrails have a dual nature. During the day, they can partially reflect sunlight back into space, similar to regular white clouds, which slightly cools the planet – while still trapping heat below them. At night, it’s a different story – with no solar radiation to reflect, contrails act purely as insulation, preventing the Earth from cooling down.

You might now think: “Okay, but these clouds disperse after a few hours, while CO₂ stays in the atmosphere for centuries. Aren’t contrails a smaller problem?”

Yes, a single trail doesn’t last long, but planes fly every day, every hour, constantly creating new ones. It’s like trying to mop the floor while leaving the faucet running.

What surprises me most is how little has been done to address this issue, even though there are several relatively simple solutions – like changing flight altitudes, using cleaner fuel, and optimizing routes.

For instance, if pilots avoided flying at altitudes where contrails are most likely to form, their occurrence could be significantly reduced. Also, using eco-fuels that produce less soot when burned would lower the number of particles around which ice crystals form. There are even software tools that can predict where contrails are most likely to form and help redirect flights to areas where they would quickly disperse.

So, airplane contrails might not be part of a secret plan to control the population, but they certainly affect the climate more than most people realize. And while the world spends billions on reducing CO₂ emissions, contrails still remain in the shadows. We might never eliminate them completely, but if we’re serious about reducing aviation’s impact on global warming, it’s time we finally take them into account.

Milena Maglovski

Poland Invests 1.4 Billion Euros in Sustainable Mobility Through Three National Programs

Foto-ilustracija: Unsplash (Maksym Harbar)

The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Poland (NFOŚiGW) announced on March 31, 2025, two new public calls for funding the development of zero-emission vehicle infrastructure. The total budget amounts to PLN 2 billion (approximately €440 million), with funding provided by the European Union’s Modernisation Fund. These initiatives are part of a broader strategy to align with the European Regulation on Alternative Fuels Infrastructure (AFIR).

The first call focuses on the construction or expansion of the power grid necessary for the operation of fast-charging stations. It is intended for distribution system operators, who may apply for non-repayable grants covering up to 100 percent of eligible investment costs. The program aims to enable electrification at key points in the logistics and transportation network, with the planned development of at least 50 power supply locations across the country. Delivery power will depend on the type of location: 3,600 kW for rest areas along the core TEN-T network, 1,500 kW for facilities on the extended core or comprehensive TEN-T network, and 350 kW for logistics centers, depots, and intermodal terminals.

Applications for this call will remain open until December 31, 2025, with a budget of PLN 1 billion allocated for this phase.

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The second call is aimed at the construction or expansion of publicly accessible charging stations for electric trucks and is open to entrepreneurs. The goal is to build a total of 550 stations, directly supporting the development of zero-emission heavy transport. Funding may cover up to 100 percent of eligible costs for standard projects, while more complex investment models may receive up to 85 percent. The stations will be located along roadways forming the backbone of the TEN-T network, as well as in close proximity to logistics centers, operational bases, and terminals.

The application deadline for this initiative is August 31, 2025, with an additional PLN 1 billion allocated.

These measures build upon existing programs, such as “NaszEauto,” launched on February 3, 2025. Funded by the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) with a budget of PLN 1.6 billion (approximately €352 million), this program is intended for individuals and entrepreneurs seeking to purchase new electric passenger vehicles of category M1. Within the first five weeks of the program’s implementation, 1,326 applications were submitted, totaling PLN 38.9 million, indicating growing public interest in sustainable mobility.

Energy portal
 
 

Planned Construction of a 250 MW Wind Farm Near Aleksinac

Photo-illustration: Pixabay

The Municipal Administration of the Municipality of Aleksinac has announced a public review of the Detailed Regulation Plan for the construction of the Bradarac Wind Farm, which will be available until April 20, 2025. Also included is the Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the Plan.

The objective of the Plan is to enable the construction of a wind farm with an installed capacity of approximately 250 MW, comprising 40 wind turbines. Additionally, the Plan covers related infrastructure, including energy facilities such as a substation, connection switchgear, and energy storage space, either as a separate facility or integrated into the wind farm’s operations.

The individual capacity of the wind generators will be defined during the technical development of the project, depending on the implementation phases and technical specifications of different wind turbine types.

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The Plan covers an area of over two hectares, spanning parts of the following cadastral municipalities: Ćićina, Bobovište, Rutevac, Bradarac, Subotinac, Mozgovo, Bovan, and Vukašinovac.

The area designated for the wind farm is predominantly agricultural land, with smaller sections falling under forest or water zones, or in contact with such areas.

The initiative for drafting the Detailed Regulation Plan was launched by the investor, WPP GREENWATT LLC. Individuals and legal entities have the right to submit written comments on the Plan and the Environmental Impact Assessment Report to the municipal administration during the public review period.

A public presentation of this planning document will be held on April 7, 2025, starting at 1 p.m., in the Assembly Hall of the Municipal Administration of the Municipality of Aleksinac.

Energy portal

Modern Technologies in Waste Management

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Metalwork Company)

The production of solid municipal waste, which amounted to 2.3 billion tons in 2023, is projected to increase to 3.8 billion tons by 2050. In 2020, the global direct costs of waste management were estimated at 252 billion dollars. Still, when considering the hidden costs of pollution, poor health, and climate change due to improper waste disposal, the total cost rose to 361 billion dollars. Without urgent action, by 2050, this cost could nearly double to 640.3 billion dollars. These concerning figures come from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report titled Global Waste Management Outlook 2024.

Modeling in the report suggests that bringing waste under control through prevention and waste management measures could limit net annual costs by 2050 to 270.2 billion dollars, thereby avoiding further economic and environmental damage.

As part of global efforts to achieve the Zero Waste concept, also known as WasteZero, the primary goal is to reduce waste generation itself. Although reuse and recycling significantly contribute to sustainability and pollution reduction, these processes still require additional resources, such as energy and water. Since completely eliminating waste production remains an unattainable goal for now, it is essential to focus on developing new technologies and improving existing waste management methods, including recycling and reuse.

The modern world faces numerous challenges, but simultaneously, it opens the door to innovations that make waste management more efficient and sustainable. Technological advancements such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and bio-innovations are making the waste industry more effective and environmentally friendly, laying the foundation for better resource management and a reduced ecological footprint.

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Innovations Around the World

Below are several inspiring examples from different parts of the world, demonstrating that implementing a circular economy and sustainable waste management is an entirely achievable goal through innovation and the development of advanced technologies.

At the beginning of every waste management process is waste sorting, which is crucial for achieving high recycling rates and reducing landfill waste. In this regard, technological innovations, such as automated systems based on artificial intelligence and robotics, play a key role in optimizing this process. Given the complexity and diversity of waste content, modern technologies enable faster, more precise, and more environmentally friendly waste sorting solutions.

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (recyclind)

Artificial intelligence and digitalization are gradually being integrated into these processes, recognizing materials and optimizing sorting without human intervention. One sorting technology also being implemented is LiDAR, which uses light pulses to precisely identify and classify materials, providing essential information for subsequent sorting steps.

One example of waste sorting innovation comes from Finland. Developed by the Finnish company ZenRobotics, this technology combines AI and robotics in recycling plants to extract high-purity valuable materials from different types of waste, such as construction and municipal waste. The robots recognize and sort waste based on shape, weight, and size. In addition to improving recycling efficiency and reducing costs, this innovation also increases worker safety, as robots take over heavy and hazardous tasks. The high-purity materials obtained through this process can be reused and transformed into new, high-quality secondary raw materials.

Although large sorting and recycling facilities are essential for effective waste management, there are also ways to contribute from our homes. Bio-waste is one type of waste that can be managed at the household level through specialized composting bins. These small technological innovations allow kitchen waste to be processed into valuable organic fertilizer.

One company that has taken this a step further is HomeBiogas from Israel. They have developed a technology that converts organic waste into biogas. Their system, designed for households with backyards, uses anaerobic digestion, a process in which organic materials break down in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas that can be used for cooking.

Prepared by Katarina Vuinac

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

United States Imposes 25 percent Tariffs on Countries Importing Oil from Venezuela

Foto-ilustracija: Unsplash (Waldemar Brandt)

The United States has tightened its economic policy toward Venezuela’s energy sector and all those cooperating with it. The Trump administration has announced that it “will not tolerate” the involvement of any other country or company in the production, extraction, and export of Venezuelan oil.

In line with the new measures, the United States is introducing a 25 percent tariff on all goods destined for the U.S. market that come from countries continuing to engage with Venezuela’s oil sector.

Although exports of Venezuelan oil to the U.S. have already been under strict limitations for some time, the additional pressure will now be directed toward international partners and traders who, according to Washington, are helping Venezuela maintain stable oil exports.

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The new tariff rates will take effect on April 2 and, according to announcements, will remain in place until full suspension of economic cooperation with the Caracas regime is ensured.

This move by the U.S. administration, which threatens to further destabilize the global oil market and escalate political tensions, is being seen as the latest step in Washington’s increasingly hardline stance toward Venezuela, as the president emphasized that its government still poses a “threat” to U.S. national security.

Energy portal

EU Fund Supports Tidal Energy Project with a 31.3 Million Euros Grant

Photo: Normandie Hydroliennes

During tides, seawater gains a specific form of energy that can be harnessed for electricity production—something that has garnered significant attention in recent years.

The European Union’s Innovation Fund has recognized the importance of supporting projects that utilize tidal energy. Within this framework, a grant of 31.3 million euros has been approved for the NH1 project, implemented by the French company Normandie Hydroliennes. According to global media reports, this project is one of the first commercial pilot projects of its kind in France.

Thanks to the grant, the development and implementation of the project will be accelerated. It will use the innovative AR3000 horizontal-axis turbine. Once completed, the project is expected to produce 33.9 GWh of electricity annually by 2028—enough to meet the electricity needs of 15,000 people.

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The project also contributes to strengthening the blue economy, which refers to sustainable economic development related to the use of marine resources. It is expected to create around 400 new jobs in France, as the majority of the construction will take place in the country.

Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, creating kinetic energy that can be converted into electricity using special turbines. As the water level rises and falls, the movement of the sea drives the turbines, generating electricity.

This project is part of France’s broader strategy to achieve its energy transition goals and increase the share of renewable energy sources by 2030.

Katarina Vuinac

SET Trebinje 2025: Immature Projects and Unaligned Regulations Hinder the Region’s Energy Transition

On the final day of the SET Trebinje 2025 summit, a panel discussion was held on the challenges of investing in renewable energy sources (RES) and administrative barriers. Panelists revealed the main obstacles hampering the development of green projects in this part of Europe and discussed how they could be overcome.

At the very beginning, Jovanka Atanacković, Country Director for Serbia at CWP Europe, emphasized that perhaps the more important question is whether we truly want an energy transition, rather than focusing on individual issues.

Photo: SET Trebinje 2025

“I believe every problem can be solved, and there is enough funding for investments. That’s why it may be more important to determine whether we genuinely want the energy transition and whether we’re ready to replace conventional power plants with new capacities,” said Atanacković.

Immature Projects Hamper the Energy Transition

The panelists agreed that administrative overload is caused by immature and unserious projects, while the competent institutions lack sufficient staff who can quickly identify which projects have true potential.

“When it comes to financing RES projects, the first step we need to take is to eliminate all immature projects. Public sector employees are still not adequately trained for this type of work. There are indeed many speculators, and I hope we’ll find a way to address this problem soon,” said Arnesa Borčak, Project Manager at UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).

Nikola Bitrak, Director at Colenco S. Macedonia, agreed that unserious investors are slowing down the energy transition, noting that the issue is far more pronounced in the solar sector than in the wind sector.

“Although the realization process for wind projects is still long—it takes around eight years from the start of planning to commissioning—this is actually a good thing in some ways, as only serious projects survive in the end,” said Bitrak.

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Second Round of Auctions for Solar and Wind Power in Serbia

The panel participants also reflected on the recently closed second round of auctions organized by the Ministry of Mining and Energy for solar and wind power plants. The offered quota of 424.8 MW for solar and wind plants was significantly exceeded. The total capacity of power plants that received incentives amounted to 645 MW, with planned investments reaching 782 million euros.

Miloš Kostić, Director of MT-KOMEX, a company that has built a total of 150 MW of solar power plants—30 MW of which are owned by the company—said they participated in the auctions with two solar plants, but only one received a market premium: the Kobra solar power plant, with a capacity of 9.99 MW, although the offered capacity in the auction was 7.5 MW.

Photo: SET Trebinje 2025

Kostić noted that this year’s auctions resulted in much lower electricity prices for solar power compared to the previous auctions, which could discourage potential investors.

“This year, the lowest bid for solar was €50.9 per megawatt-hour (MWh), whereas in 2023, it was €88.65/MWh. For wind energy, the lowest bid this year was €53.59/MWh, compared to €64.48/MWh in 2023. We’ve tested various incentive models in Serbia, from feed-in tariffs to market premiums, but it seems we’ve yet to find the right model to accelerate the development of RES projects,” said Kostić.

He added that investors often cannot access basic information, such as which parcels are available for building RES plants, how long it typically takes to obtain permits and complete a project, and so on. A unified platform providing such information could be a solution, he suggested.

Regulatory Misalignment Within and Between Countries

The panelists further pointed out that the root of many administrative and financial barriers lies in regulatory misalignment—either between countries in the region or even within a single country.

Miroslav Nikolić, Head of Development for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at the Electric Utility of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia (EPHZHB), said this issue is particularly evident in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where regulations vary from canton to canton. Therefore, he is not overly optimistic about the expansion of RES projects in the region in the coming years, as it will be difficult to mobilize enough funding and quickly create a favorable investment climate that attracts investors.

On the other hand, Nada Milovčević, Head of the Department for Concessions and Renewable Energy Sources at the Ministry of Energy and Mining of Republika Srpska, stated that the outlook is more promising—at least in Republika Srpska—highlighting that all RES projects approved in 2022 are now operational. Republika Srpska’s plan is to have 800 MW of renewable energy sources connected to the grid by 2030, and Milovčević is confident that this goal will be achieved.

To recap, the SET Trebinje Summit was held from March 19 to 21 in Trebinje. This year as well, the summit attracted numerous speakers and visitors from the region and around the world, who had the opportunity to explore energy sector trends, regulations, plans for RES development in the Balkans, and technological innovations.

Milena Maglovski

Key Steps and Challenges in Creating the ESG Strategy

Photo: OTP Bank
Photo: OTP banka

The Green agenda and sustainable business are a must of our times and, regardless of all current macroeconomic and geopolitical challenges, they are highly ranked on the list of priorities of all leading world companies and developed economies. The transition to sustainable business models and responsible approach to the environment and society is a long-lasting process, similar to a marathon, that involves ups and downs, as well as challenges in adjusting long-term goals implying the sustainability principle with short-term objectives, whereby each company is expected to achieve the budgeted, primarily financial results.

The transition to new, sustainable technologies and new business models often implies significant investments in equipment, infrastructure and employee education, as well as increased operating costs. For banks, the focus on green financing often entails a departure from certain traditional financing segments or the extension of time necessary for loan approval, due to more complex and documented processes, which can sway clients into turning to standard lending models. Short deadlines and insufficient understanding of the ESG concept and sustainable business may result in unfavorable oscillations in market share, reduced profitability and shaken confidence in the ideas of sustainability, which highlights the importance of proper setup and organization from the very beginning and consistency in the implementation of the ESG concept and sustainability.

In creating and then implementing the ESG strategies, companies often confront numerous challenges. The ESG concept itself, with its three main components: “E” – environment, “S” -society and “G” responsible governance, as well as the sustainability concept, are so wide and may be viewed from so many different angles, that it is very easy to lost course in this multitude of ideas, good intensions and plans, with a high risk of gradually slipping into the so called greenwashing –the covering up of a lack of real results with nice and inaccurate assertions. A similar challenge comes from overambitious goals in the green agenda, either by setting a large number of simultaneous objectives or that exceed real abilities, or by defining unrealistic, usually shorter deadlines for their achievement.

A correct setting of sustainability goals therefore first requires an in-depth analysis of the macroeconomic context, market potential and regulatory framework – both national and international, especially for companies operating abroad or that are part of an international corporation. Understanding market trends, potential changes in customer behavior, as well as upcoming regulatory changes is crucial. Once this first step is handled, and upon assumption of good knowledge and an objective assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of one’s own business model, the structure of the ESG strategy can be conceived by adopting a top-down approach, i.e. from top management to each employee, with clear communication and understanding of each employee’s role in the new process. Defining the vision and mission is just the beginning. An effective ESG strategy must contain realistic, measurable goals and actions. The process of establishing these goals may require redefining — it is important to maintain a transparent approach, with clear explanations and constructive suggestions of further action. Once defined, ESG goals must be implemented within the organization, including continuous employee education on sustainable practices and acceptance of ESG as permanent values, which expectedly improves employee engagement and motivation. Education, training and workshops contribute to raising awareness of the importance of ESG and sustainability, which also contributes to the improvement of the overall corporate culture.

Photo: OTP banka

As early as in mid-2022, OTP banka Srbija defined its first sustainable business strategy. At the end of this year, in 2025, the Bank plans to successfully complete its first mid-term cycle, and is already preparing for a new cycle, boosted by the acquired experience and knowledge in the ESG area. This consistently leads to achieving the set goals of strengthening the leadership position in green financing and continuously reducing one’s own carbon footprint, which are closely related to goals involving building a stable framework for managing ESG risks, preserving the CSR leadership position and the status of responsible and preferred employer. Over the past three years, OTP Bank has achieved significant results in the “greening” of its loan portfolio in accordance with the green lending definitions applied by OTP Group, by maintaining a balance between financing renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, green buildings and clean transportation, whereby it met 75 percent of its strategic plan by the end of 2025, as early as in later 2024. In the same period, compared to 2022, the Bank significantly reduced GHG emissions (Scope 2) by 387 tons, i.e. 0.135 tons per employee, as well as energy intensity to 20.4 GJ per employee from 26.37 GJ in 2022. These results were achieved through continuous enforcement of proactive measures in the area of ​​energy saving and optimization of other resources. For the third time in a row, the bank has become the holder of the prestigious “Employer Partner” HR certificate, as well as the “Champion of Sustainability” accolade – an award granted for contribution to education, raising awareness and capacities to prevent climate change. Since as early as in 2017, through the Generator Lab, OTP Bank has been supporting micro, small businesses, startups, innovative entrepreneurs, as well as educators, who are ready to improve various business segments with innovative and sustainable ideas. The Bank also founded its Volunteer Club, with the aim of strengthening volunteer activism and systematizing the entire volunteer activity of the bank, i.e., contributing to building a more responsible attitude towards natural and social environment in which it operates. Since 2023, OTP banka has been a member of UNEP FI, ​​a financial initiative of the United Nations that focuses on responsible business operations and environmental protection. As sole signatory from Serbia, the Bank undertook to meet the highest standards of sustainability in its operations.

Monitoring the fulfilment of strategic goals, measuring results and preparing for a new cycle are part of daily activities of employees. In that context, honoring and implementing ESG standards has become the “new normality” of OTP banka Srbija and an integral part of its business model. Maintaining this focus requires constant effort and involvement of all employees, as success in the ESG strategy is directly linked to the commitment of the entire team to implement sustainable practice.

It is important to remember that the success of ESG strategy not only contributes to sustainable development and reducing adverse effects on the environment, it also additionally improves the company reputation and its rating and is conducive to better business performances. A timely elaboration of the ESG strategies and action plans, with regular reporting and monitoring, improves the resilience of the organization to external adverse effects, it increases its agility and adaptability to sudden changes. Cooperation, education and clear communication with all stakeholders, particularly employees, are crucial for introducing sustainability as central element of business operations, as major leap towards sustainability and a responsible future. OTP banka has long recognized this and courageously advances towards that goal.

Source: OTP banka

Innovations For Energy Efficiency And Environmental Sustainability

Photo: Grad Gradiška

Nestled in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a rich history and strategic location, Gradiška is an important regional trade, transport, and culture hub. The town stretches along the Sava River, which gives it a natural potential for agriculture and tourism. By investing in various projects, the city contributes to global sustainable development goals and environmental protection and ensures a better quality of life for both present and future generations. Zoran Adžić, the Mayor of Gradiška, spoke to the Energy Portal Magazine about energy-saving methods in public spaces and the most significant projects, including an innovative solution for securing the city’s water supply.

Q: What would you highlight as the most important achievements in ecology, energy independence, or sustainable development?

A: The transition of the entire public lighting system to smart LED lights has brought about a range of positive effects, significantly improving the quality, efficiency, and sustainability of the lighting. By 2023, the City of Gradiška had a public lighting system using high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, which, compared to currently available technologies in this field, had several significant drawbacks, including high energy consumption, shorter lifespan, poor light quality, longer warm-up time, high heat production, negative ecological impact, limited lighting control options, and a higher failure rate.

Photo: Predrag Zec

The identified problem with the existing public lighting system prompted the city to include a project in its plans to transition to more modern and efficient lighting technologies, which can improve energy efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance light quality. In 2023, the city completed the transition of public lighting from high-pressure sodium lamps to smart LED lighting, during which it established its own LoRaWAN network, enabling the widespread use of IoT (Internet of Things) technologies in managing urban resources. This modernization and technology not only increase energy efficiency and reduce costs but also allow for advanced management and control of public resources.

The City of Gradiška has one of the best-organized municipal systems, not only in the Republic of Srpska but also in the region, with particular emphasis on its water supply system. Due to several limiting factors for the water supply system, the city initiated a project to build a 1 MW solar power plant at the Žeravica water source. Implementing this project ensures increased energy independence, an ecologically sustainable and economically viable solution for the city’s entire water supply system, providing stability and sustainability for the system in the future. Through this project, the city affirms its commitment to innovation and sustainable development, demonstrating its capacity to use natural resources sustainably.

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Photo: Predrag Zec

Installing a 1 MW solar power plant at the Žeravica water source represents an innovative solution for securing the city’s entire water supply. This solution provides a stable and sustainable source of electricity for the operation of the water supply system. By installing solar panels at the water source, Gradiška ensures energy independence and reduces energy costs and CO2 emissions, contributing to a more ecologically sustainable future. This solution brings long-term economic and ecological benefits to the city and promotes sustainable development.

The complete energy reconstruction of the Gradiška Music School and the Gradiška Grammar School has been completed. This project is unique because it concerns a protected cultural heritage building, which required a special approach to renovation. The external appearance of the building had to remain unchanged. This project has improved the comfort of students and teachers while achieving significant energy savings.

Parallel to this, the complete energy refurbishment of the Gradiška Grammar School building is in its initial phase. This project aims to address long-standing issues with energy efficiency. The building suffered significant energy losses for years due to an outdated façade, worn-out windows and doors, and an obsolete heating system. These shortcomings led to high energy costs and uneven temperatures in classrooms. Completing this project will bring significant benefits, including reduced energy consumption, stable indoor temperatures throughout the year, and improved working conditions for students and staff. At the same time, the project will contribute to environmental protection by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These projects are outstanding examples of how investments in educational infrastructure can significantly improve working conditions while also supporting the sustainable development of the local community.

Q: What does the Local Sustainable Development Leader Award mean to you, and which activities or projects led to this recognition?

A: The City of Gradiška won the Local Sustainable Development Leader Award in the thematic area of Smart Growth thanks to innovative projects that have significantly contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting the environment. The project involving the transition from traditional to LED lighting is a response to air pollution and CO2 emissions, which have become serious issues in our community and many urban areas worldwide.

This award was presented as part of the program “A Framework for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals as a Foundation for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDG2BiH)”, supported by the Kingdom of Sweden and UNDP, in partnership with UNICEF and UN Women. By introducing innovative digital solutions, the City of Gradiška has effectively reduced emissions, optimized energy consumption, and improved resource management. As part of this project, the city established a LoRaWAN network, enabling efficient monitoring and management of current and future urban digital systems, including air quality, public lighting, smart agriculture, smart parking, smart water management, smart waste management, and more.

Interview by Jasna Dragojević

The inteview was published in the Energy portal Magazine  CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Waste as a Resource – the Path to Sustainable Energy in Serbia

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Ljubomir-Žarković)

Establishing a sustainable future requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach to addressing environmental challenges. Inadequate waste management harms the environment and contributes to the emission of harmful gases from unsanitary landfills and illegal dumpsites. 

Modern lifestyles are accompanied by a constant increase in waste generation, which represents a serious problem. However, the issue becomes even more alarming when considering that most of this waste undergoes no treatment and ends up in landfills or natural environments. At the same time, changes in consumption habits have led to an increased demand for energy. Since the majority of energy in Serbia is still generated from fossil fuels, primarily coal, this process further contributes to pollution, worsens the environmental situation, and endangers human health and ecosystems. 

This cause-and-effect relationship is particularly important when examining the link between waste and energy. Energy recovery from waste plays a crucial role in achieving the goals of circular economy and recycling, which are becoming increasingly ambitious in Serbia and the European Union. To meet these goals, more types of waste must undergo pre-treatment, including lower-quality materials that were previously unsuitable for recycling. 

The sorting process generates residues with significant calorific value, which should be utilized before disposal. This is where energy recovery from waste comes into play, serving two key purposes – reducing waste volume and its negative impact while creating opportunities for energy generation.

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White Paper on Energy Recovery from Waste

The White Paper on Energy Recovery from Waste in Serbia is a publication providing a comprehensive overview of all regulatory and technical aspects of energy recovery from waste, specifically incineration, which are crucial for the functioning of this technology and related facilities in Serbia and beyond. The authors of the White Paper include numerous experts from Serbia and Austria, while the publisher is the Association of Environmental Protection Engineers. The following text will highlight key considerations from the publication. At the same time, our interviewee, Nebojša Vraneš, an advisor at the Center for Circular Economy of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia, will present his insights and views on the topic. 

According to this publication, one significant challenge in using waste as an alternative energy source in Serbia is the inadequate preparation of municipal waste for use in cement plants and incinerators. Addressing this issue is essential for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the waste treatment process.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Collab-Media)

The importance of using fuel derived from waste lies in several key benefits. These include reducing fossil fuel consumption while simultaneously minimizing the negative consequences of combustion, such as greenhouse gas emissions, sulfur oxide emissions, and ash production. Additionally, this process allows for better utilization of municipal and industrial waste, reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. 

The White Paper identifies two types of waste-derived fuel products based on their refinement level, which are generated in mechanical or mechanical-biological waste treatment plants. The first is Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), a solid renewable fuel obtained from non-hazardous waste that has been processed and improved to a quality suitable for trading and use in combustion and co-combustion facilities. To be classified as SRF, the fuel must meet the requirements established by the EN 15359 standard, including limits on calorific value and chlorine and mercury content. The second type is Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), a shredded fraction of non-hazardous waste that may include residues from municipal and industrial waste and sludge from wastewater treatment plants. RDF has a high calorific value and is often used as an alternative fuel in the cement industry. While RDF does not have to meet the strict standards required for SRF, its classification as non-hazardous waste allows it to be used in various industries.

Today, more than 500 technologically advanced waste-to-energy facilities across Europe process over 100 million tons of waste annually. This industrial sector operates in compliance with the strictest legal regulations and the highest environmental protection standards. 

In Central Europe, Italy, and the United Kingdom, the production of waste-derived fuel is well developed but applied in different ways. In Germany and Austria, Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) is produced for use in local thermal power plants, waste-to-energy plants, and cement factories. On the other hand, SRF produced in Italy and the United Kingdom is exported chiefly due to a lack of domestic capacity for its utilization. 

The Basel Convention regulates the process of export, transboundary trade, and transportation for the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal.

Prepared by Katarina Vuinac

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

International Day of Forests: Global Challenges and the State of Forests in Serbia

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Jon Flobrant)

Significant efforts to raise awareness about the importance of forest ecosystems began in 2012, when the United Nations General Assembly declared March 21 as the International Day of Forests. On this day, countries around the world conduct activities focused on forests and trees at the local, national, and international levels. One of the largest celebrations of this International Day is held today at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

This year, the theme of the International Day of Forests is Forests and Food. Forests are an important source of food for billions of people. In addition to directly providing us with fruits, coffee, cocoa, and other produce, forests are home to wildlife that also serves as a food source. They offer a variety of other resources as well, from bamboo to timber used for furniture, paper, and similar products. Forests are also a source of energy for many households that rely on firewood for heating. One of the most vital natural resources made possible by forests is freshwater, thanks to their forested watersheds.

However, due to unsustainable practices, the planet loses 10 million hectares of forest each year through deforestation and around 70 million hectares due to fires, according to United Nations data. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reports that the global rate of deforestation amounts to about 1.3 million square kilometers per decade, although it has declined in some regions in the early 21st century thanks to improved forest management practices and the establishment of nature reserves. The most extensive deforestation occurs in tropical areas, which include diverse forest types—from rainforests to dry forest regions.

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According to Srbijašume (Serbia Forests), just one hectare of forest produces approximately 800 tons of oxygen annually. In addition, forests ionize the air and cleanse it of dust. A single hectare of coniferous forest filters up to 35 tons of dust per year, while deciduous forests filter up to 76 tons.

In February of this year, an agreement was signed to implement the project FOREST Invest aimed at improving the resilience of forests in Serbia. The 84 million dollars project is jointly funded by Serbia, the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and FAO.

Serbia is considered moderately forested, and according to the Second National Forest Inventory conducted between 2018 and 2023, the total area of forests and forest land in Serbia amounts to 3,025,471 hectares, representing 39 percent of the country’s total land area.

Deciduous trees are the most prevalent, accounting for 80 percent of forest cover, while coniferous trees make up 20 percent. Among individual tree species, beech makes up more than half of the total.

Katarina Vuinac

Biomass Power Plant at BAT Factory and Geothermal Energy Research in Croatia

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (longdan91)

One of the latest steps in Croatia’s energy transition is the opening of a biomass power plant in Kanfanar. This plant is part of the British American Tobacco (BAT) factory, one of the world’s leading tobacco manufacturers, and represents a key segment in the modernization of the production facility in Istria.

The Kanfanar factory, one of the most advanced industrial sites in the region, is part of BAT Group’s investment cycle worth over €80 million.

In addition to industrial investments, the government is also investing in strengthening energy infrastructure through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, which includes €640 million for the modernization of the power grid, including €80 million for the development of battery storage systems.

The opening of the biomass power plant in Kanfanar contributes to reducing CO₂ emissions, increasing the share of renewable energy sources, and promoting sustainable development in local communities.

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Development of Nuclear and Geothermal Energy

The issue of energy stability and electricity affordability was also a key topic at a recent meeting of EU energy ministers in Brussels, where discussions focused on energy pricing and security of supply.

Croatia supported the measures proposed in the EU Action Plan for Affordable Energy, particularly those that encourage the modernization of the power grid. While Croatia already has a well-developed internal network connection, additional investments are crucial for the transition to renewable energy sources.

Special emphasis was placed on nuclear and geothermal energy as key factors in reducing emissions and stabilizing electricity prices. Croatia advocates for supporting existing and new nuclear power plants, as well as greater investment in geothermal capacity, which holds significant untapped potential.

In this context, the construction of an exploratory geothermal well has begun in Velika Gorica, a city with over 60,000 residents. This €11 million project, part of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, aims to explore the potential of geothermal energy for the district heating system. The well is expected to reach a depth of three kilometers, providing valuable data on temperature and water flow, which could facilitate commercial use for city heating.

These projects reaffirm Croatia’s commitment to energy transition and renewable energy, ensuring long-term supply stability and economic sustainability.

Energy portal

The World’s Longest Underwater Tunnel – An Engineering Marvel with an Ecological Imprint

Photo-illustration: Freepik (bedneyimages)

The future of infrastructure projects demands sustainability as a top priority at every stage, from concept to completion. One of the most ambitious European projects, the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel, exemplifies this new paradigm. As the longest underwater tunnel in the world, this project will not only connect Denmark and Germany but also bridge the past with a future that must be entirely focused on environmental preservation. When completed in 2029, the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will stand as both an engineering marvel and a symbol of sustainable infrastructure development.

Time Savings and Emission Reductions

Travel between Denmark and Germany currently relies on multiple transport options. The ferry journey between the two countries takes around 45 minutes, but once the tunnel is operational, the trip will be reduced to just 10 minutes by car and seven minutes by train. Additionally, train passengers traveling between Hamburg and Copenhagen will see their journey time cut from nearly 5.5 hours to just 2.5 hours. By reducing travel time, the project will significantly decrease transport emissions. The inclusion of railway infrastructure within the tunnel is expected to encourage train usage as a more environmentally friendly mode of transport. Furthermore, the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will feature a fully electrified railway system, contributing to the development of a green transport network. International trains and trucks will no longer need to take a 160-kilometer detour through Denmark, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

The construction phase of the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel is also being designed with sustainability in mind. Sund & Bælt, the company responsible for the tunnel’s construction and operation, is committed to minimizing carbon emissions during the building process. The emissions generated will remain below the limits defined in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. The use of eco-friendly materials, green technologies, and alternative methods will further reduce the project’s environmental impact.

Restoring Natural Habitats

While the project aims to minimize carbon emissions, it would be unrealistic to expect their complete elimination. To compensate for any remaining emissions, Sund & Bælt plans to implement large-scale reforestation projects.

Additionally, natural areas affected by the tunnel’s construction will be restored and expanded to create new ecosystems, such as wetlands, coastal meadows, peatlands, and dry grasslands. Any impacted natural areas on Lolland will be replaced with new ones, at least twice the size of the affected regions. For example, the old Strandholm Lake, which was affected by the project, will be replaced by a new eight-hectare wetland, surrounded by an additional 60 hectares of newly designated natural areas.

Rocky reefs will also be reconstructed. A 42-hectare area of seabed south of Fehmarn Island will be restored as a vibrant reef ecosystem, rich in plant and animal life. Additionally, protective rock structures will be placed at both ends of the submerged tunnel. Over time, these rocks will function as natural reefs, providing habitat for a wide range of marine species.

This approach demonstrates how the construction of the world’s longest underwater tunnel can be both socially beneficial and environmentally sustainable, setting new standards for future infrastructure projects.

Katarina Vuinac