Luxor Solar – the highest quality solar modules

26.08.2023

solar-panel-g20da084fd_1920 — Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay (

The company Luxor Solar is a certified manufacturer of solar modules. They enriched their portfolio with heterojunction cell technology and high-end solar modules.

The heterojunction technology impresses with several advantages compared to current cell technologies. HJT is more efficient, more durable and guarantees more yield per area, in addition to more yield throughout the lifetime of the modules.

Heterojunction technology is based on an N-doped crystalline silicon wafer coated with very thin amorphous crystalline layers. Photovoltaic cells defer in their layer structure in negatively charged N-type and positively charged P-type cells.

If the base layer is doped with boron, it is a P-type cell. It has one electron less than silicon. That creates an electrician hole, and the positive charge carriers predominate. With N-type cells, the base layer is doped with phosphorus. It has one more electron than silicon, which creates free electrons.

This cell structure is responsible for the efficiency advantage over conventional cell technologies. These free electrons enable the higher efficiency of the N-type cells. They are responsible for extremely low power losses and prevent phenomena such as PID and LID.

Heterojunction cells combine the advantages of two technologies. The crystalline N-type-based cell core allows more direct sunlight to be converted into electricity. The amorphous cell layers also ensure better wreak light behavior and significantly higher resistance to high temperatures.

Heterojunction cells achieve optimal bifaciality thanks to their symmetrical structure. Indirect light is absorbed by the solar cells on both sides. The bifaciality factor of Heterojunction solar modules is up to 95 per cent.

By using Luxor Solar Heterojunction solar modules, you can efficiently reduce your BOS costs. Compared to conventional solar modules, HJT modules generate +3 per cent more power and a further +8 per cent more yield over 30 years on the same large area.

The advantages of the Luxor ECO LINE HJT GG BIF series are several. They are high-class solar modules with an extra class for safety and environmentally conscious customers who appreciate outstanding quality.

Source: Luxor Solar

Extreme weather is the “new norm”

24.08.2023

led_Sibir_voda — Foto-ilustracija: Unsplash (Daniel Born)

From mountain tops to ocean depths, the summer of extremes continues. Heatwaves are baking large parts of the northern hemisphere, fuelling unprecedented wildfires and disrupting marine ecosystems. Floods have transformed desert landscapes. The high-impact weather in August follows the hottest ever month on record in July.

“This is the new normal and does not come as a surprise,” said Alvaro Silva, a climate expert with WMO. “The frequency and intensity of many extremes, such as heatwaves and heavy precipitation, have increased in recent decades. There is high confidence that human induced climate change from greenhouse emissions is the main driver. This gives us the long-term context for the increasing occurrence and severity of such extreme weather and extreme events,” he told a regular media briefing in Geneva.

He said that the behaviour of the jet stream was also a contributing factor – its position has sometimes been. More southern than usual and has been meandering in some regions generating blocking (persistent weather pattern) conducive of extreme weather events such as heat waves as warmer air is pulled from subtropical regions.

“There are several studies suggesting a connection between rapid warming and changes in the Arctic, due to human-induced climate change, and mid latitude weather patterns, including in atmospheric dynamics such as the jet stream but further in depth research is needed to fully understand and explain the extremes occurring this summer,” said Mr Silva.

Heat-health alerts

Moderate and severe heat warnings for the third week of August have been issued by several national meteorological and hydrological services in Europe, including from France, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Croatia, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Austria, Lithuania.

Much of Switzerland is under level three amber alert or the top-level red alert (as with the case of Geneva) until Thursday.

The heat has reached new heights. Switzerland has a new altitude record for the freezing point of 5,298 m (17,381 feet), measured by a Meteo-Suisse radiosonde carried by a weather balloon above Payerne.

“Another blow for glaciers that have already strongly suffered this year. Snow coverage is only present at the highest elevations,” said Matthias Huss, head of Switzerland’s glacier monitoring network and a member of WMO’s Global Cryosphere Watch community.

Temperatures in much of the southern half of France are forecast to be above 37°C on 22 and 23 Augusts, reaching a peak of 40 to 42°C in the Drome region. Meteo-France issued an amber alert for 49 departments and a red alert for four. It says that numerous station records have fallen both maximum daytime temperatures and minimum overnight ones – which have a particular impact on health.

EXTREME WEATHER IN CHINA HIGHLIGHTS CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND NEED FOR EARLY WARNINGS

There are also red alerts in parts of Italy, Croatia and Portugal and widespread amber heat alerts in neighbouring countries.

Norway, which has suffered prolonged heavy rainfall, floods and landslides, is once again under a top-level red alert for rain in the southern part of the country.

Morocco set a new national temperature record of 50.4 °C in Agadir on 11 August, as temperatures crossed 50°C for the first time. Turkey reported a new national temperature record of 49.5°C on 15 August, beating the previous record of 49.1°C set in July 2021. Many parts of the Middle East also saw temperatures of above 50°C.

Spain, including the Canary Islands, and Portugal also experienced extreme heat, fuelling an extremely severe fire risk. As of 17 August, the Tenerife wildfire continued out of control, with more than 2600 ha burnt and people evacuated in some sites. Dry conditions, maximum temperatures above 30 °C, night temperatures above 20 °C, peak wind gusts above 50 km/h were observed on 16 and 17 in some AEMET weather stations of Tenerife.

Greece, badly scarred by wildfires in July, was again hit by fatal fires, leading to a number of reported deaths.

Japan has also suffered a prolonged heatwave, with many station records broken, according to the Japanese Meteorological Agency.

WMO is stepping up efforts to strengthen heat-health early warnings and integrated action plans for heatwaves, which are amongst the deadliest natural hazards. Heat is a rapidly growing health risk, due to burgeoning urbanisation, an increase in high temperature extremes, and demographic changes in countries with ageing populations. Hundreds of thousands of people die from preventable heat-related causes each year.

A new study published in July, calculated last summer in Europe alone 60,000 additional people died due to extreme heat. Experts and governments consider this a conservative estimate. And it is worth noting, the figures are for Europe, which has some of the strongest early warning systems and heat-health action plans in the world,” said Joy Shumake Guillemot, of the World Meteorological Organization/World Health Office joint office on Climate and Health.

North America

Canada’s record-breaking wildfire season continues. More than 660 wildfires were out of control in Canada as of 22 August. In total there are more than 1 000 active fires, including 265 in the Northwestern Territories near the Arctic Circle. The Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre says that 15.3 million hectares have burnt so far this season – by far the worst fire season on record for Canada. Authorities issued an evacuation order for the town of Yellowknife.

The EU’s Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service said the estimated emissions from the wildfires through August increased to three times the previous highest annual total in 2014 at just over 350 megatonnes of carbon.

Environment and Climate Change Canada issued heat warnings in western Canada and widespread poor air quality warnings. Some daily temperature records were observed for example in Lytton, a new August temperature record of 42.2 °C on 15 August 2023. (Old record of 40.6 °C set in 1967 and records in this area have been kept since 1921).

In the United States, the US National Weather Service says intense and dangerous heat continues to grip the Plains and much of the Central and Southeast U.S. with maximum temperature forecasted to be above 100 °F (38 °C) in many parts and numerous daily temperature records expected.

Tropical Cyclones

Tropical cyclone activity is ramping up on the approach to the traditional peak of the Atlantic hurricane season.

The US National Hurricane Center, which acts as WMO’s Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, on 22 August is issuing forecasts and warnings for three tropical systems in the Atlantic (Gert, Franklin and Harold).

Franklin is forecast to reach the southern coast of Hispaniola on Wednesday, traverse the island and move off of the northern coast on Thursday, bringing the risk of flooding to Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Maximum sustained winds remain near 50 mph (85 km/h) with higher gusts. Franklin is expected to produce rainfall amounts of 5 to 10 inches (127- mm), with isolated higher amounts up to 15 inches (380 mm), are expected. Significant and potentially life-threatening flash flooding is possible Tuesday into Wednesday across Hispaniola.

Tropical Storm Harold is forecast to make landfall along the lower Texas coast on 22 August, bringing very heavy rainfall and the risk of flash flooding.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Josep Castells)

The tropical storm moving toward southern Texas comes as the region battles extreme heat and drought.

Ex-hurricane Hillary

Hilary, which at its peak was a category 4 storm, weakened before making landfall in Baja California, Mexico, on 20 August. It has now dissipated, but has made history. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued its first ever tropical storm warning for parts of southern California. It is quite rare for a tropical storm or hurricane to maintain its strength and tropical characteristics in California because of cool ocean waters and currents as well as prevailing trade winds.

Despite weakening, Hilary brought flooding rains to Baja California and Southern California, an area that is not used to seeing tropical rainfall, especially in the dry season. Desert towns like Palm Springs were under water, with major disruption to transport and infrastructure.

Hilary brought record rainfall to southern California and parts of Nevada. The US National Weather Service Los Angeles said “virtually all” its rainfall records were broken.

Death Valley, in California, which holds the record as the world’s highest temperature, sawits all-time wettest day on record on 20 August, with 2.20 inches (55.88 mm) of rainfall. This breaks the previous record of 1.70 inches set in August 2022.

Source: WMO

MY EV ROAD TRIP TO THE SOUTH OF SERBIA

23.08.2023

We hear more and more often that electric vehicles are our future, while some of us already consider it to be the present. However, as many divided opinions on the subject or potential reasons as to why they are not a realistic alternative to standard vehicles, there was no way to know the truth until I ventured out to gain first-hand experience. I haven’t had the opportunity to drive an electric car until now, so I decided to try it out and find out how things are going.

Considering the infrastructure in Serbia, I was worried about whether I could get to the very south of Serbia without any problems, where my destination was, and I was also concerned about the differences compared to the conventional car I was used to. The chosen route for my first test drive was Belgrade-Vranje.

A journey of about 350 kilometers was ahead of me, and I only knew that traveling by electric car required a bit of planning before the trip itself, primarily because of the locations of the electric chargers. I chose to drive a Hyundai Kona Electric with a battery capacity of 64 kilowatt hours. Planning a trip involves researching the infrastructure network of chargers, where there are two types – AC slow chargers and DC fast chargers.

IN FOCUS:

The difference between these chargers is primarily in the charging speed. DC chargers have a higher charging power, i.e. they charge faster, and their power can go up to 300 kilowatts, while AC chargers are up to 22 kilowatts at most and are mostly home chargers. They are also found in hotels and other facilities. I started from Zvezdara, where a Charge&GO charger in the Science and Technology Park is available to users of this complex.

The company that operates this charger has its network of electric chargers. In Belgrade, they have AC and DC chargers, and I found out that in Borča, they have a DC charger with a power of 75 kilowatts. Several OMV pumps in the city are waiting for the commissioning of higher-power DC chargers. That’s why I charged the car’s battery at the mentioned AC charger because it was the one closest to me and set off for Vranje. At 90 kilometers from Belgrade, I stopped at the Gazprom Petrol pump in Velika Plana to ensure I had enough electricity to get to the hotel in Vranje.

I topped up the battery, which was only 12 per cent dead by this point. In the same way as in a conventional car, fuel consumption is written in liters. In an electric car, you can monitor the electricity consumption on the dashboard, which was 17 kilowatts per 100 kilometers in my case. I noticed that driving on the open road is less economical than driving in the city, contrary to what we know about diesel and petrol cars.

Since there is not much braking on the highway, the Hyundai Kona drew more electricity, while in the city, where the brakes are frequent, the battery was replenished with each pedal press. This principle is called regenerative braking and means that the battery is discharged but also recovers energy by braking because the engine acts as a generator and produces electricity that is then returned to the battery. It would mean that there is some benefit from city traffic when you drive this car, which was extremely useful information for me.

Therefore, the range varies from 350 kilometers of driving on the open road up to twice the range if it is a question of city driving where there is always a lot of braking. In Velika Plana, I topped up the car to 95 per cent. Surely someone would ask me why I didn’t fully charge the battery when I was already connected to the charger, but there is a logical and economical answer.

There is a 50-kilowatt Charge&- GO DC charger at this location. Since I had over 80 per cent of the battery – it was recharged to less than 10 per cent in 20 minutes because the power used to charge the battery dropped to three kilowatts, which was quite slow. Crucial information for new e-drivers: an electric car is set up to 80 per cent of the battery at maximum power, of acceleration from which the electric one already starts its drive since it has much greater energy losses, such as combustion – as much as 70 per cent are losses. In contrast, an electric vehicle has 20 per cent losses, so it starts faster. Speaking of acceleration, you can reach a speed of 100 km/h in about seven seconds in this car. There is a possibility to set the cruise control, but also the limit. In the second variant, you can add gas, but only up to the speed you have limited. The factory car is set to a top speed of 177 km/h, but I haven’t tried that.

Milica Vučković

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Building a sustainable future of the Western Balkans

23.08.2023

The business gathering entitled,, POWER OF SUSTAINABILITY 2023” Festival which will be held in Mostar on September 21/22, 2023. is a continuation of business networking activities organized by the Foreign Investors Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Intera Technology Park under the patronage of the City of Mostar and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purpose of this gathering is to bring together the most important stakeholders from the Western Balkans region, whose work and activities are aimed at strengthening cooperation with all countries in the region, for the purpose of connecting the regional business community and promoting our region as a unique investment and tourist destination.

This will be the first business event of this kind to be held in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the name:

,,Building a sustainable future of the Western Balkans”

under the motto:

Creating a sustainable community through dialogue!

A starting point towards a green and digital transition.

In the pleasant atmosphere of the City of Mostar and its surroundings, and with a rich program, participants will be able to hear very interesting speakers from the Western Balkan region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) during the two-day gathering. The conference will gather participants from the business and political life of the region, as well as representatives of the international community, organizations, and business associations and chambers.

At the conference, we will deal with current attractive topics, such as the green agenda of the Western Balkans ( promotion of the initiatives for investments in renewable energy sources, the role of regulators and legislators, and the experiences of private investors, methods of project financing and return on investment, etc.), circular economy models related to waste management, and successful examples of companies related to the restoration and protection of the environment, reducing pollution, as well as respecting international standards and practices, topics related to electromobility and the future of transport and reducing CO2 emissions, as well as topics related to the sustainable development of tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region.

We believe that the rich and meaningful official program followed by numerous gatherings that include a tour of the natural beauties around Mostar will mark the „Power of Sustainability Festival 2023“ as an excellent platform for exchanging best business practices, but also for networking with key individuals from the countries of the Western Balkans. Opportunities for business discussions and connections will be made possible through meetings and numerous joint activities, as well as informal get-togethers.

„Power of Sustainability Festival 2023“ stands out from other similar events not only for the importance of topics and content but also represents a unique interactive platform for the exchange of experiences and opinions, as well as a meeting place for business networking of renowned experts and eminent names from business, social and the political scene of the region.

Key themes:

INVESTMENTS IN THE GREEN ECONOMY – solar and wind energy, energy from geothermal sources

APPLICATION OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY – waste management and its energy utilization, restoration of natural resources

E-MOBILITY – decarbonization of the transport sector with the aim of creating a cleaner, healthier and more affordable future

SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURISM – ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development

Source: POWER OF SUSTAINABILITY FESTIVAL

ABB expands partnership with Northvolt to electrify the world’s largest battery recycling facility

22.08.2023

ABB_is_providing_process_electrification_to_power_the_worlds_largest_battery_recycling_facility_Revolt_Ett._Image_Revolt — Photo: ABB

ABB and Northvolt are further strengthening their long-standing collaboration in the field of green batteries, an increasingly critical part in the ongoing energy transition. Since 2017, ABB has already delivered key electrification and automation equipment to power Northvolt Ett gigafactory for lithium-ion batteries in Sweden. This partnership is now being expanded to include battery recycling with ABB providing process electrification to power the world’s largest battery recycling facility, Revolt Ett, being established by Northvolt in Skellefteå, northern Sweden. Financial details were not disclosed. The order was booked in the first quarter of 2023.

Revolt Ett, the recycling site, will ultimately process 125,000 tons of end-of-life batteries and battery production waste each year – making it the largest plant of its kind in the world. It will service Northvolt’s gigafactory on the same site, which brought one production block online in 2022 and will establish others to reach an annual production capacity of 60 GWh.

Northvolt supplies a range of lithium-ion batteries to the automotive, industrial, and large-scale energy storage sectors that support the global energy transition. The producer aligns with World Economic Forum figures which show the demand for batteries is expected to increase 14-fold by 2030 due to the adoption of electric vehicles.

ABB will deliver switchgears and variable speed drives to the facility, which will match the speed of the processes taking place in the factory, ramping power up and down as required, saving energy, improving performance and lowering maintenance.

The facility is a key part of Northvolt’s sustainability ambitions and will start operations in 2023. The company plans to reduce the carbon footprint of its batteries to 10 kg CO2e per kilowatt hour (kWh) by 2030, compared to an industry reference of 98 kg CO2e per kilowatt hour (kWh). Key to achieving this target, Northvolt Ett is powered by 100 percent fossil-free energy.

“Batteries are a critical technology within the energy transition,” said Emma Nehrenheim, Chief Environmental Officer at Northvolt. “But with massive growth in battery demand it is critical that we secure solutions to recycle batteries and ensure reliable, sustainable supply of critical minerals. This new facility Revolt Ett will help us achieve both of these goals as we work towards our mission of building the world’s greenest battery.”

As increasing numbers of batteries in the market reach end of life, recycling via Revolt Ett’s battery materials recovery and hydrometallurgical (hydromet) processes is set to supply up to 50 percent of Northvolt Ett’s raw material needs for lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese by 2030. By that point in time, Northvolt aims to have the capacity to manufacture 150 GWh per annum across its operations in Sweden and Germany.

“This is ABB’s first order within the strategically important battery recycling segment,” said Staffan Södergård, Business Unit Manager, Battery Manufacturing, Process Industries, ABB. “In conjunction with a trusted partner in Northvolt, this project offers us the opportunity to help our customers avoid carbon emissions, reuse material and protect critical supply chains. We look forward to its progress.”

Northvolt Ett battery gigafactory is located near the port of Skellefteå in northern Sweden. Northvolt is a European supplier of high-quality battery cells and systems and was founded to enable the European transition to a decarbonized future and with a mission to deliver the world’s greenest lithium-ion battery with a minimal CO2 footprint.

ABB became Northvolt’s partner in 2017, from the inception of the producer’s research and development campus in Västerås, Sweden. Since then, ABB is also invested in Northvolt through ABB Technology Ventures (ATV), the venture capital unit of the ABB Group. ABB has been an ongoing electrification and automation partner and most recently Northvolt chose ABB’s Plant Optimization Methodology to help fast-track project execution with integrated electrification, instrumentation, control, and digitalization (EICD) solutions for efficient start-up and operations.

Source: ABB

Declining electricity consumption in advanced economies is weighing on global demand growth this year

21.08.2023

struja_energija — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Federico Beccari)

EU electricity demand set to drop to lowest level in 20 years, but with global consumption expected to increase strongly in 2024, growth of renewables is more important than ever.

Overall growth in electricity demand worldwide is expected to ease in 2023 as advanced economies grapple with the ongoing effects of the global energy crisis and an economic slowdown, according to the IEA’s latest Electricity Market Report.

The report’s July update, published today, finds that electricity demand in the United States is expected to decline by almost 2 percent this year while demand in Japan is forecast to fall by 3 percent. Electricity demand in the European Union is set to drop by 3 percent, similar to the decrease recorded in 2022. Following these two consecutive declines, which together amount to the EU’s largest slump in demand on record, EU electricity consumption is poised to drop to levels last seen in 2002.

As a result, global electricity demand is set to increase by slightly less than 2 percent this year, down from a rate of 2.3 percent in 2022. But assuming an improving world economic outlook, demand growth is expected to pick up again in 2024, rebounding to 3.3 percent, according to the IEA’s latest projections.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (American Public Power Association)

Rising global electricity demand is still broadly supported by the electrification of energy systems as efforts ramp up to reduce emissions, by the increasing use of indoor cooling as temperatures climb, and by robust demand growth in emerging and developing economies, according to the IEA report. China’s demand is forecast to increase at an average annual rate of 5.2 percent over the next two years, only slightly below its 2015-19 average. Average annual growth in demand from India through 2024 is estimated at 6.5 percent, well above its 2015-19 average.

Even as demand in many regions expands, the strong deployment of renewables worldwide means they are now on track to meet all the additional growth in global electricity demand over the next two years. By 2024, renewables’ share of global electricity generation will exceed one-third. And depending on weather conditions, 2024 could well become the first year in which more electricity is generated worldwide from renewables than from coal.

At the same time, electricity generated from fossil fuels is expected to decline over the next two years. Electricity generated from oil is projected to fall significantly, while coal-fired generation will slightly decline in 2023 and 2024, after rising 1.7 percent in 2022.

“The world’s need for electricity is set to grow strongly in the years to come. The global increase in demand through 2024 is expected to amount to about three times the current electricity consumption of Germany,” said Keisuke Sadamori, the IEA’s Director for Energy Markets and Security. “And we’re encouraged to see renewables accounting for a rising share of electricity generation, resulting in declines in the use of fossil fuels for power generation. Now is the time for policy makers and the private sector to build on this momentum to ensure emissions from the power sector go into sustained decline.”

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (markusspiske)

In another sign the energy transition is taking hold, the IEA now sees electricity generated from fossil fuels falling in four out of the six years between 2019 and 2024. In the past, annual declines in fossil-fired generation were rare and occurred primarily after global energy and financial shocks, when global electricity demand was suppressed. But in recent years, electricity generated from fossil fuels has lagged or fallen even when electricity demand expanded.

That indicates the world is rapidly moving towards a tipping point in which global electricity generation from fossil fuels will increasingly be replaced by electricity from clean energy sources, the report finds.

In particular, the report examines in detail the forces driving the declines in electricity demand in the EU. The bloc’s energy-intensive industries have not yet recovered from last year’s production slump, it finds. Almost two-thirds of the net reduction in EU electricity demand in 2022 is estimated to have come from energy-intensive industries contending with elevated energy prices. This trend has continued well into 2023, despite prices for energy commodities and electricity falling from previous highs.

Source: IEA

MULTIPLE BENEFITS OF BIOGAS – FROM ENERGY TO FERTILIZER

21.08.2023

Renewable energy sources have become an inevitable topic, especially in the last year, yet it seems that contemplating them is reduced to very few sources. Solar energy could take the first place as a source available for wider use, which requires a relatively simpler and cheaper installation, followed by wind energy, with a more demanding installation process, but with great potential, which has been receiving more and more investments. However, a frequently mentioned source, hydro energy, is often found in a negative context in terms of jeopardizing the environment. The mentioned sources are the ones that most often come to mind when talking about renewable energy.

Thanks to its geographical characteristics, Serbia has a significant potential for obtaining energy from such sources. One of the potentials is biogas, which has not garnered enough attention yet and whose usefulness goes further than producing energy.

We asked electrical engineer Goran Knežević to explain what biogas is, its generation process and its advantages compared to other renewable sources.

IN FOCUS:

Biogas is a mixture of gases created by the decomposition of organic matter without the presence of oxygen. This process is called anaerobic digestion, and it could be compared to the process of digesting food in a cow’s stomach. Biogas can be produced from almost all organic residues, whether from farms, agricultural holdings, industries, the service sector, or food chains. In this way, in addition to solving the problem of supplying cleaner energy, biogas also solves the problem of waste. On the one hand, farms that generate organic waste for free or at extremely low prices can solve the waste disposal problem. At the same time, on the other, thanks to biogas plants, there is the possibility of transforming waste into electricity and heating/cooling energy, or biomethane. Biogas’ contribution to the reduction of environmental pollution is shown by the fact that burning biogas prevents the emission of methane into the atmosphere, a gas with a greenhouse effect that is 22 times more pronounced than carbon dioxide. By upgrading biogas to the biometer level, carbon dioxide is released that can be used in greenhouses or, say, the carbonated beverage industry. In explaining the biogas production process, we should mention that animal and vegetable waste contains a high percentage of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. During the anaerobic decomposition of such substances, which can be divided into four stages, namely hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis, a considerable amount of gas with a high percentage of methane (40-65 per cent by volume) is produced, which is called biogas (medium thermal power 16.2 – 19.8 MJ/Nm3).

“The decomposition process begins with the mechanical shredding of raw materials, fed several times a day into hermetically sealed tanks, so-called fermenters (digesters). The whole process takes place at a constant temperature, usually in the range of 36–42°C. The capacity of the fermenter is sufficient to keep the raw material in them for 30-60 days, which allows the bacteria to generate biogas efficiently. After it has been produced, biogas is purified and then transported to the so-called cogenerator. A cogenerator is a device created by connecting a gas engine and an electricity generator. In this way, electrical and thermal energy is produced (thermal energy is a consequence of cooling the cogenerator). The electrical energy is then measured and handed over to the Electric Power Industry of Serbia (EPS), and the heating/cooling energy can be used for own needs, or further sale,” explains Goran.

Prepared by: Katarina Vuinac

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Once threatened, Mexico’s “green jewel” has become a model of conservation

19.08.2023

šuma - forest - zelenilo -green — Foto-illsutration: Unsplash (John-o-Nolan)

Martha Isabel “Pati” Ruiz Corzo moved to the Sierra Gorda – a dramatic expanse of wilderness in the heart of Mexico – four decades ago in search of a quiet, idyllic place to raise her family.

But what the former music teacher from Querétaro City found instead was a land scarred by logging, road building and other types of often-unregulated development, which were whittling away at Sierra Gorda’s unique mix of jungles and cloud forests.

That led Ruiz Corzo to launch a grassroots movement that has spent 40 years protecting one of Mexico’s most ecologically diverse areas. At the effort’s core is the idea that local communities should play a leading role in conservation and that preserving Sierra Gorda’s natural spaces could be more profitable than razing them.

“We have lost that natural world that we once had contact with. So, all that remains is sacred to me,” said Ruiz Corzo, who in 2013 was named a United Nations Champion of the Earth, the UN’s highest environmental honour. “I believe our society should connect with the nature that sustains us as a loving mother.”

Today, Sierra Gorda is home to a web of thriving ecosystems that host an array of wildlife, including more than 1,100 species of birds and butterflies, and endangered animals, such as the jaguar. The region is widely viewed as a rare conservation success story, one that is receiving more attention as countries try to stem the erosion of the natural world. Globally, unchecked human expansion into once-wild places is one of the reasons more than 1 million species are being pushed towards extinction.

“The success of Sierra Gorda is proof that it is possible to reverse nature’s decline and to create more sustainable communities,” said Juan Bello, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Director. “In the 10 years since Pati Ruiz Corzo received the Champions of the Earth award, Sierra Gorda has continued to serve as a shining example of how conservation can go hand in hand with economic development.”

A leading model of community action

Covering more than 380,000 hectares, almost a third of the state of Querétaro, Sierra Gorda is filled with mountains, rivers, jungles, semi-arid deserts and mist-shrouded cloud forests. UNESCO has described the area as Mexico’s “green jewel”.

Ruiz Corzo moved to Sierra Gorda in the 1980s and soon came to find that what was once a pristine wilderness was becoming laced with roads, garbage dumps and logging operations. That led her to found the Grupo Ecológico Sierra Gorda with her husband and local residents.

“It was impossible not to act,” Ruiz Corzo said.

Thanks to Grupo Ecológico’s efforts, Sierra Gorda was declared a protected area by the federal government in 1997, and UNESCO named it a Biosphere Reserve in 2001.

Much of Sierra Gorda’s success stems from the “conservation economy” that Ruiz Corzo and Grupo Ecológico have built. The reserve is home to 100,000 people and many earn at least some of their income from ecotourism and forest restoration, and by helping to counter climate change.

Grupo Ecológico, for example, developed a programme that incentivizes landowners to leave their lands and forests to grow wild by compensating them for lost income from cattle ranching and logging – activities that fuel soil erosion and destabilize fragile ecosystems.

According to Grupo Ecológico, removing cattle from land can help restore forests, each hectare of which can soak up nearly four tonnes of planet-warming carbon dioxide per year.

Grupo Ecológico has developed its own carbon dioxide capture mechanism called “Biodiverse Carbon,” which is based on a model validated by the World Land Trust. Grupo Ecológico funds forest protection projects through its Carbon Balanced initiative and has also been collaborating with the Querétaro state government since 2014 to run a state-funded carbon footprint scheme.

Under the programme, vehicle owners in Querétaro pay a small tax along with the fee for renewing their license plates every year. Companies and industries based in Querétaro also pay a carbon tax. A proportion of these funds is then paid to landowners in Sierra Gorda to compensate them for conserving forests on their land, which allows for the return of a range of plants and animals.

Grupo Ecológico has also been responsible for coordinating Mexico’s only climate mitigation and adaptation initiative that is solely focused on forest and soil restoration.

“We work hand in hand with the state government,” said Ruiz Corzo. “We have developed together with them climate action tools, strategies and guidelines, and now the state of Querétaro is a champion on the matter.”

Other projects Grupo Ecológico has launched include beekeeping support, ecosystem conservation training and community-based tourism.

Education and awareness

Sustainable use and management of biodiversity is one of the four overarching goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, a landmark agreement adopted in December 2022 to halt and reverse nature loss. The plan includes putting 30 per cent of the planet and 30 per cent of degraded ecosystems under protection by 2030.

For Ruiz Corzo and her children, one of the best tools to defend nature and foster sustainable environmental practices is education.

Ruiz Corzo’s son, Mario David Pedraza Ruiz, runs a family ranch, Rancho Suelo Vivo, which provides training and environmental education programmes to farmers – from smallholders with limited crops to commercial livestock farmers.

“Thousands of farmers have passed through this classroom. As everyone can be part of the conservation movement, we have sought to bring together two very different areas: livestock farming and conservation agriculture,” Mario Ruiz said.

Nearly 40 years into the campaign to protect Sierra Gorda, Ruiz Corzo said her work still fills her with a deep sense of purpose.

“We are preserving the services of nature, strengthening them to capture more water, more carbon dioxide, to have more habitat for the species of flora and fauna. If nature is promoted, wonderful things happen,” she said.

Source: UNEP

How Innovation in Heat Pumps Can Transform Heating and Cooling

17.08.2023

klima uređaj — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Annie Spratt)

Heating and cooling accounts for about half of global energy consumption and is responsible for more than 40 percent of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.

Considering that only a third of people living in hot climates possess cooling appliances, the energy demand for heating and cooling is expected to surge, especially with global temperatures on the rise. This emphasises the urgent need to transform and decarbonise the sector.

Highly efficient electricity-driven heat pumps will be vital in this effort, especially for space and water heating in buildings where cooling is largely electrified

Heat pumps are devices that use electricity to move heat from one place to another. Think of them as “reversible air conditioners”. Just like a fridge keeps your food cold by taking away its heat, heat pumps can either pull heat from the outside to warm a building or push it out to cool the building. They can get this heat from various sources like outside air, water from rivers or lakes, the ground, or even leftover heat from industrial processes. These same sources can be used as heat sinks in cooling mode.

Heat pumps are very energy efficient devices. They can provide three to six units of useful thermal energy for each unit of electricity consumed. In comparison, traditional combustion-based heating systems only provide less than one unit of thermal energy for each unit of energy consumed.

They are also versatile. In cases where buildings have existing gas infrastructure, heat pumps can be combined with in-place gas-fired boilers to minimise efficiency drops in heat pumps in colder weather, helping to increase users’ confidence in transitioning to an electrified heating supply.

This type of hybrid heat pump solution will supply most of the heat, generating immediate savings in energy costs, as well as reduce the need to increase the peak electricity load on the grid, which might otherwise be required to power heat pumps during severe cold spells, when heat pumps are less efficient.

The ability to switch between two energy carriers – electricity and heat – adds resilience to the energy system and can reduce costs when using smart controls that factor in energy prices. Over time, the remaining gas use could be replaced with decarbonised fuels, such as renewable biogas.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Krysztof Kotkowicz)

Heat pump advantages go beyond their high efficiency and hybridisation with traditional heating systems. They can be aggregated to provide services to the grid and, in return, revenues to the heat pumps’ owners.

One example mentioned in IRENA’s Innovation Landscape Report is the Swiss company Tiko, which aggregates heat pumps, refrigerators and other electrical appliances owned by many customers to create what is now the largest virtual power plant in Europe. Aggregating more than 7,000 households, Tiko’s virtual power plants have a total capacity of 100 MW, making it one of the largest virtual power plants in Europe.

This type of virtual power plant company uses digital platforms to control these appliances to shift or reduce peak demand, providing valuable flexibility to the grid while also reducing users’ bills. The platform also couples the power consumption of appliances with private electricity generation, such as rooftop PV, to further reduce bills.

To limit rising global temperatures to 1.5°C, IRENA’s roadmap to net zero suggests that nearly 800 million additional heat pump units need to be installed by 2050. This represents a 14-fold increase from the roughly 60 million units installed today, paving the way for a significant scale-up of grid services provided by this highly efficient heating technology.

The innovative uses of heat pumps, their beneficial impact on consumers, and strategies to increase adoption are topics that will be discussed in depth during a session on the electrification of heating and cooling in buildings at IRENA’s Innovation Week taking place in Bonn from 25th to 28th September 2023.

Source: IRENA

EMPOWERING CITIZENS TO BECOME PROSUMERS OF SOLAR ENERGY

16.08.2023

aerial-view-private-house-with-solar-panels-roof — Photo-illustration: Freepik (wirestock)

Serbia is making significant strides toward a cleaner and more efficient energy future with the support of the German government within the framework of the German Development Cooperation program.

PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN SERBIA is a project implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in cooperation with the Serbian Ministry of Mining and Energy, which aims to develop the prosumer model further and familiarize the citizens with this new concept in the Serbian power supply system.

This initiative contributes to transforming the Serbian energy landscape and empowers citizens to actively participate in the energy transition.

The greatest contribution to energy sustainability is given when investing in a solar power plant is done after implementing energy efficiency measures. Electricity consumption and thermal energy losses should be reduced, coupled with more efficient cooling and heating systems, and only then self-production of clean energy should come into focus.

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The prosumer model, introduced only last year, allows households, housing communities, and businesses to become clean energy producers for their consumption while maintaining the ability to use electricity from the distribution grid when “the Sun isn’t shining,” i.e., when there is no production, or it is insufficient. Also, prosumers can transfer their surplus clean energy to the grid through a two-way meter.

The decentralization and democratization of electricity generation allow citizens to contribute directly to decarbonization and environmental protection. Serbia has excellent potential for solar energy use – up to 30-40 per cent more insolation than Germany – but is far from the installed capacities that exist there. Fortunately, in the last ten years, prices of photovoltaics have dropped significantly, and the path to mass adoption of solar power plants is becoming shorter and easier, at least in terms of affordability.

Another advantage that citizens can have as prosumers is financial savings, as they can produce a significant amount of electricity for their needs and buy less from the power utility. The greatest savings are made when most of the self-produced electricity is consumed directly, during the time of day when production from the solar power plant is highest, which requires certain changes in habits. With good planning of the capacity of the rooftop solar power plant, adjusted consumption, and the subsidies for PV systems offered by the Ministry in cooperation with local self-governments, households can pay off their power plants through savings in electricity bills in less than eight years, and their lifespan is at least 25 years. With the expected increase in electricity prices, this will only be shortened further.

Households have an additional advantage – they can create “kilowatt-hour stocks” at a time when their solar power plant production is greater than their consumption, and they can hand over the excess kilowatt-hours to the distribution network, which the distribution operator records through net-metering. Prosumers can use their “stocks” by the end of the accounting period, which lasts from April of one year to the end of March of the following year. However, this practice creates pressure on the network and the supplier because surpluses are created at the time of the year when consumption in the entire system is lower, and the “stocks” are used up when consumption is the highest and electricity production is the most expensive. Hence, the sustainability of this calculation method is in question.

Although solar energy is renewable, it is also a variable source of energy. Production in the solar power plant is only possible during the day, and even then, when it is cloudy, it drops significantly. When prosumers lack enough self-produced electricity, they can get the necessary energy from the grid. But what happens when prosumers have surpluses and many of them at the same time? All surpluses of clean energy go into the grid as a priority source in the energy mix, and the power utility company then supplements this from their production in thermal and hydropower plants.

Source: GIZ

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION OF SERBIA – CHALLENGES OF CONNECTING PROSUMERS TO THE POWER GRID

15.08.2023

watt-a-lot-8GS8bmor8_A-unsplash — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Watt a lot)

Since the Law on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Serbia was adopted in April 2021, there has been a strong interest in installing solar panels.

An increasing number of citizens and companies use the opportunity to produce electricity for their own needs and to distribute the surplus to the national power grid and thus become prosumers.

The prosumer concept focuses, first and foremost, on households and small businesses. At the same time, large industrial consumers will have the opportunity to self-supply with the help of the active buyer concept.

The installation of solar panels in households is also supported through the subsidy programme for boosting energy efficiency for family houses and residential buildings, which the Ministry of Mining and Energy implements together with local governments, which incentivizes citizens to decide to produce electricity.

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A multitude of connection requests

Elektrodistribucija Srbija (The Electric Power Distribution of Serbia Company) has received numerous requests from producers who generate electricity from renewable energy sources to connect to the national power grid.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Ricardo Gomez Angel)

With the passing of amendments to the Law on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources, the new Law comes into force, which prescribes limits for the connection of capacities to produce electricity from renewable sources to avoid overloading the distribution and transmission grids.

Predrag Matić, director of the Planning and Investments Directorate at Elektrodistribucija Srbije d.o.o. says that the prosumer concept was practically introduced in April 2021, while the current amendments to the Law have supplemented and developed it. In his company, the initial interest in the concept was shown in November 2021, after adopting the Decree on Criteria, Conditions and Manner of Calculation of Receivables and Liabilities between Prosumers and Suppliers.

“We can say that the interest is strong, and the procedure for establishing a connection has been significantly expedited compared to the beginning of the application period. So, for example, in April of this year alone, we connected 200 new users to the grid and entered them into the Prosumer Registry,” explains Mr Matić.

Novelties that the Law amendments bring

The amendments mentioned above to the Law stipulate several changes related to the category of prosumers. Predrag Matić says they have no significant influence on citizens who want to install a solar power plant as they are more related to the industry in the prosumer segment.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Casey Horner)

“Citizens’ interest is not expected to decrease. The only essential change that the power plant’s installed power limit is determined at 10.8 kW for households. The current average for connected users is 8 kW, so it is essential to increase the threshold to make it more profitable to install solar panels,” Mr Matić adds.

An increasing number of solar power plants, like all capacities generated from renewable energy sources, must be connected to the distribution grid after construction. Any new power plant, be it solar, wind power, biogas or hydropower, affects the grid. As a responsible company, Elektrodistribucija Srbije, says Predrag Matić, checks all technical prerequisites for connection to the grid of each production facility, drafts connection studies in which criteria are checked based on operating and grid rules, etc.

He especially underlines the fact that everyone is ready for challenges when it comes to connecting new prosumers to the grid.

When asked if he expects Elektrodistribucija to change the operating rules this year, which will define the possibility of connecting power plants with a battery system, Matić says that that is a matter of laws and by-laws, which comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Mining and Energy and does not relate to operating rules. He adds that Elektrodistribucija Srbije must adopt new operating rules only after the prerequisites are met.

Prepared by: Milica Radičević

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Young people hold the key to Africa’s green economy

14.08.2023

annie-spratt-wtk4VH8EU20-unsplash — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Annie Spratt)

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Ninno JackJr)

Young people across the world are struggling to find meaningful work, with over 73 million unemployed youth globally. But nowhere is this problem more acute than in rural areas of developing countries – especially in Africa.

Across the continent, just three million jobs are created each year despite 12 million young people entering the labour market annually. In 2020 one in five young people in Africa were not in employment, education, or training.

Meanwhile, a changing climate, environmental degradation and growing populations mean producing enough nutritious food has never been more challenging. This is where IFAD steps in.

A green transition

With more than one in four workers globally employed in agriculture and African agribusinesses estimated to be valued at one trillion US dollars by 2030, the green transition promises sustainable development that conserves natural resources and creates opportunities for young people.

Through the Integrated Agribusiness Hubs programme, IFAD helps create employment opportunities for young people so they can stay connected to rural life and earn a living by growing and selling nutritious and sustainable food.

Tomilayo Hamzat is one of 5,500 people taking part in the Agrihub initiative in Nigeria. She trained at the Soilless Farm Lab, where she learned how to grow vegetables using hydroponic methods.

“When I learned about soilless farming, I thought: this is actually different from what I learned in school and what I’ve been taught,” says Tomilayo. “This unique way of farming is one of the things that inspired me to continue in this line.”

Along with training, young people are also given the tools to set up their own agribusinesses, access to financial services and mentorship. As the Agrihubs mature, they will develop into a network of support for youth-led agribusinesses.

Expanding opportunities

A similar initiative is underway in neighbouring Cameroon, creating green opportunities for young people where previously there were none.

“After my degree, my friends and I searched for jobs, but many businesses weren’t recruiting fresh graduates,” says Lionel Patrick Ateba.

Then he came across Family Green Corp, an agribusiness that produces bio-fertilizers and ecological charcoal as climate-smart alternatives to chemical fertilizers and fossil fuels. With funding from IFAD, Family Green Corp now hosts an agribusiness hub that aims to train 75 young people each year.

Thanks to the energy and commitment of young employees, Family Green Corp is flourishing, consumers have greater access to food grown with safe fertilizers and the use of ecological charcoal is helping to limit deforestation.

As the world endures another year of climate disasters, it’s clearer than ever that we need significant and effective investments in a green transition that works for all.

Agrihubs demonstrate how we can find solutions to multiple seemingly intractable problems in one go. Investing in young people to build prosperous rural economies can also unlock green jobs, feed communities and lay the foundation for a sustainable world of work.

Source: IFAD

Flash Flood Guidance System (FFGS): Advancing Women in Meteorology and Hydrology

12.08.2023

weather-effects-composition — Photo-illustration: Freepik (freepik)

Women make up 49.7 per cent of the global population, yet they are often ignored, and their rights violated. The result is a world that excludes and marginalizes half the population of the planet – a problem that will prevent all of us from experiencing a more prosperous, peaceful, and sustainable future. At the root of this problem is gender inequality (UNFPA, 2023).

With climate change, the challenges will intensify. Although climate change affects all segments of society, its impact can vary, often exacerbating existing inequalities. Gender disparities can hinder women’s capacity to adapt to weather-related disturbances. Moreover, as weather events become more frequent and severe, gender inequalities have the potential to persist and escalate (Eastin, 2018; World Bank, 2023).

It has been recognized for decades that women remain under-represented in professional fields in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), particularly on a global scale (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, retrieved from World Bank Gender Data Portal). Meteorology, hydrology, and disaster risk reduction are no exceptions.

The Flash Flood Guidance System (FFGS) project, developed in partnership between WMO and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Weather Service (U.S. NWS), United States Agency for International Development/Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA) and the Hydrologic Research Center (HRC), provides operational forecasters and disaster management agencies with real-time informational guidance products on the threat of small-scale flash flooding. Beyond its classification of a tool, it functions as a hub for diverse contributions from across 72 countries around the globe and organizes specialized workshops tailored for females and advocates for parity within training sessions and meetings. This concerted effort seeks to cultivate equitable representation, echoing the United Nations top priority of protecting every individual on Earth, including the most vulnerable, with early warning systems by 2027.

A recent instance illustrating this principle was the FFGS Female Empowerment Workshop held in Geneva, Switzerland, from May 25 to 26, 2023. Facilitated by funding from USAID/BHA, the workshop convened 16 FFGS female experts from National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), representing all 6 WMO Regional Associations (RAs). With a clear directive of fostering practical leadership capabilities, the workshop homed in on enhancing skills in communication, negotiation, and consensus-building. Foremost among the outcomes was the formulation of the Female Empowerment Statement, articulating five recommended actions poised for presentation at the Nineteenth World Meteorological Congress (Cg-19) and the Hydrological Assembly.

Source: WMO

From polluter to grid service provider: How your car can help power the energy transition

11.08.2023

car-auto-punjenje-električni — Photo-illustration: Pixabay

It is common knowledge that electric vehicles (EVs) are cleaner alternatives to conventional vehicles. However, their role in the energy transition extends beyond cutting direct emissions, underlining their crucial importance. This is why policymakers across the globe are dedicating efforts to make the massive deployment of EVs a reality.

Under the International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) 1.5°C Scenario, the number of electric passenger cars needs to exceed two billion by 2050. Managing this growth and harnessing associated opportunities come with a challenge from a grid perspective. If policymakers want to minimize the cost of grid reinforcements, smart electrification strategies are considered essential.

In the run-up to COP28, IRENA will be hosting Innovation Week in Bonn, Germany from 25-28 September to bring together leaders, experts, industry representatives, academics and policy makers to discuss cutting-edge innovations that can support and accelerate the global energy transition. One important area of focus will be the smart electrification of mobility, particularly the benefits of bidirectional charging of EVs that allow car batteries to be used by the grid to improve its efficiency and reliability.

Cars are designed to transport people, yet they remain idle for the majority of their lifespan, parked near our homes or workplaces. According to most studies, cars spend between 90 and 95 percent of their time unused. If these cars were electric, they would have the potential to add great additional value to their owners and the environment when they are connected to the power grid.

How can this work? In two ways:

Unidirectional charging or V1G – Using smart charging, EVs can be charged when electricity is at its cheapest or when supply of renewable energy is high. In this way, connected vehicles can benefit from plentiful solar energy at midday or cheap energy at night.
Bidirectional charging or V2G–The batteries of connected vehicles can benefit from unidirectional charging but the grid can also draw power from them at times of high demand.

Smart charging helps manage demand for electricity; charging batteries when clean electricity production is high and discharging them, in the case of V2G, at times of low wind or PV production. In this way, the EV fleet acts as a giant battery to store and supply renewable energy.

The business case for smart charging is already a reality

The Belgian electric service company Elia, which operates in Belgium and Germany found that EV owners could reduce their energy costs by 15 percent if they used unidirectional smart charging and by 25 percent if they used bidirectional charging.

Uncontrolled charging would raise electricity demand by 1.2 gigawatts in Belgium and 6.5 gigawatts in Germany by 2030, whereas smart charging would reduce the 2030 peak load by 13 percent in Germany and 10 percent in Belgium.

The benefits extend far beyond private vehicles. In France, the electricity network has certified the use of EV batteries from company fleets for V2G smart charging.

In Denmark, the V2G technology company Nuvve uses multiple electric bus batteries to provide a reserve for the Danish electricity network Energinet. Nuvve’s software ensures the buses have sufficient charge to operate but can offer extra capacity to the network.

A spokesperson for Nuvve says that its V2G platform, which can be used by private EVs as well, creates real environmental benefits and keeps the costs of the transition down for all customers. “It also allows electric vehicle owners to generate revenue from their vehicles while parked. This can offset the cost of charging and make electric vehicle ownership more attainable for more people,” they say.

But there are many challenges for policy makers and innovators before these benefits to the consumer and the environment can be fully realised. These include:

Most EVs on the market are only unidirectional. Only a few vehicles are bidirectional including later models of the Nissan Leaf and the Ford F-150 Lightning. Therefore, only part of the smart charging potential is currently being tapped.
Bidirectional charging is more costly than the unidirectional option.
The additional charging and discharging of EV vehicle batteries in V2G systems can cause faster battery degradation and shorter battery lifetimes.

Source: IRENA

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